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AUTHOR: 


PEAKS,  MARY 

BRADFORD 


TITLE: 


THE  GENERAL  CIVIL 

AND  MILITARY.... 


PLACE: 


CHICAGO 


DA  TE : 


1907 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
PRESERVATION  DEPARTMENT 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC  MICROFORM  TARGET 


Original  Material  as  Filmed  -  Existing  Bibliographic  Record 


Master  Negative  # 


Restrictions  on  Use: 


Tot 


•y  Bradford,  1879* or  80-1947 


a   i> 


fk: 


Tho  gonerfluL.  civil  and  fzailitary  adzainistra^ 
tion  of  norioum  cuid  Baetiat  a  dissertation'' ouhmi'U 


i»t •  rt'^ed... .by. Mary  Bradfor.d'» Peaks •    • '      CJhioago, iUnivorw 
isityrof  Ohicacd^press, ^iyu7« 


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23  ci]!i« 


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Thosia,.  Chicago. 

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MRNUFfiCTURED  TO  flllM  STfiNDfiRDS 
BY  fiPPLIED  IMRGE.    INC. 


tlbe  Xllnlt^ersiti?  ot  Cbicago 


FOUMDBD  BY  JOHM  D.  ROCKBFBU.BR 


THE  GENERAL  CIVIL  AND  MILITARY 
ADMINISTRATION  OF  NORICUM 

AND  RAETIA 


A  DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED   TO    THE     FACULTY    OF    THE    GRADUATE    SCHOOL     OF     ARTS 

AND    LITERATURE    IN    CANDIDACY    FOR    THE    DEGREE 

OF   DOCTOR    OF   PHILOSOPHY 

(department  of  latin) 


BY 


MARY  BRADFORD  PEAKS 


CHICAGO 
THE  UNIVERSITY   OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 

1907 


CJOPTBIOHT  1907  Bt 
Thb  Untvbrsitt  of  Chicaoo 

Published  July  1G07 


CoBipoaed  and  Printed  By 

The  DniTeraity  of  Chicago  Frew 

Chi«*«o,  lUinoit,  U.  S.  A. 


THE  GENERAL  CIVIL  AND   MILITARY 
ADMINISTRATION  OF  NORIOUM 

AND  RAETIA. 

By  Maby  Bradford  Peaks. 

The  paper  here  presented  was  at  first  intended  to  form  Chap- 
ters II  and  III  of  a  "History  of  the  Provinces  of  Noricum  and 
Raetia  "  the  material  for  which  has  been  grouped  as  follows: 

Chapter        I.   A  General  Survey. 

1.  The  Tribal  Period. 

2.  The  Period  of  Government  by  Procurators. 

3.  The  Period  of  Military  Importance. 

4.  The  Decline  of  Roman  Authority. 
Chapter       II.  The  Grovernors. 
Chapter     III.  The  Army. 

Chapter      IV.  The  Finances. 

Chapter       V.  The  Roads. 

Chapter     VI.   Local  Aflfaurs. 

Chapter    VII.   Religion. 

Chapter  VIII.  Industries  and  Products. 

Chapter     IX.  Emigration  and  Immigration. 

As  it  is  hoped  that  the  other  chapters  may  appear  later,  the 
original  form  of  this  portion  has  been  altered  as  little  as  possible 
in  revising  it  for  separate  publication.  Some  peculiarities  in  the 
order  of  topics  and  in  the  cross-references  are  due  to  this  fact. 
The  time  of  Constantine  is  adopted  as  the  lower  limit  in  the 

present  article. 

The  author's  choice  of  subject  does  not  indicate  a  belief  that 
Noricum  and  Raetia  formed  a  political  or  military  unit;*  on  the 
contrary,  the  study  of  the  two  countries  was  pursued  separately 
until  it  was  discovered  that  together  they  afforded  an  unusually 
illuminating  example  of  the  way  in  which  the  Roman  system  was 
adapted  to  varying  conditions.     In  what  is  local,  social,  commer- 


iCf.  pp.  178,D.  7;  192,ii.i. 


161 


162 


STUDIES   IN   0LA8SICAL    PHILOLOGY 


cial,  the  two  adjacent  provinces  ofiPer  interesting  contrasts;  in  all 
that  has  to  do  with  the  Empire  and  especially  with  their  mission 
as  guardians  of  the  Upper  Danube  frontier,  Noricum  and  Raetia 
were  alike,  and  from  their  likeness  one  may  gather  much  informa- 
tion when  the  evidence  for  either  alone  is  fragmentary.  The  facts 
with  regard  to  each  province,  however,  have  been  kept  separate 
within  the  different  chapters  and  subdivisions.  It  is  believed 
that  this  method  is  likely  to  yield  a  truer  picture  of  the  Roman 
world  than  is  obtained  when  the  investigation  is  arbitrarily  limited 
by  the  boundaries  of  a  modem  state. 

The  extent  of  the  author^s  indebtedness  to  the  writings  of 
Cagnat,  Cichorius,  Hirschfeld,  Jung,  Liebenam,  Mommsen,  Ohlen- 
Bchlager,  Schiller,  and  others  will  be  evident  from  the  footnotes; 
among  her  instructors  grateful  acknowledgment  is  made  especially 
to  Professor  Frank  Frost  Abbott,  at  whose  suggestion  this  work 
was  begun,  and  by  whose  scholarly  instruction  and  unfailing 
helpfulness  its  execution  was  made  possible. 

REFERENCES  AND  ABBREVIATIONS. 


All  dates  are  a.  d.  41/54=**at  some  date  between  41  and  54,  inclu- 
sive;" 41-54="  from  41  to  54,  inclusive." 

When  no  ambiguity  would  arise,  CIL.  is  omitted  in  references  to  the 
Latin  Corpus.    D.=diploma  militare  {CIL.  III). 

In  printing  inscriptions, means  "omitted  as  irrelevant,"  .  .  .  . 

means  "not  extant." 

References  in  the  form  Noricum  1,  Raetia  1  are  to  the  lists  of  gov- 
ernors beginning  p.  170  and  p.  185  respectively,  or  in  more  condensed 
form,  pp.  182, 194. 

The  following  works  are  regularly  cited  by  means  of  abbreviations: 

Allen=G.  H.  Allen,  Centurions  as  Substitute  Commanders  of  Auxiliary 

Corps,  Roman  Historical  Sources  and  Institutions  ("Univ.  of  Mich. 

Studies,"  Vol.  I).    New  York,  1904. 
Ann.  Ep.—I!ann6e  6pigraphique.    Paris,  1888-. 
Arnold =H.  Arnold,    "Das   rOmische    Heer    im    bayerischen   Rfitien," 

Beitrdge  zur  Anthropologic  UTid  Urgeschichte  Bayems,  XIV,  pp. 

43-100.    Munich,  1902. 
Bonn.  Jahrb.=Jahrbilcher  des  Vereins  von  AUerthumsfreunden  im 

Rheinlande.    Bonn,  1842-. 
Cagnat =R.  Cagnat,  Varm^e  romaine  d'Afrique.    Paris,  1892. 


ADMINISTRATION   OP   NOBIOUM    AND    RAETIA 


168 


'> 


CIL.= Corpus  inscriptionum  Latinarum.    Berlin,  1863-. 

CIRh.=W.  Brambach,   Corpus  inscriptionum  Rhenanarum.     Elber- 

feld,  1867. 
Cohen=H.  Cohen,  MMailles  imp4riales.    Paris,  1880-92. 
De88au=H.  Dessau,    Inscriptiones  Latinos  selectae.    Berlin,  1892-. 
Diz.  ^p.=E.  De  Ruggiero,  Dizionario  epigrafico  di  antichitd,  rcrmane. 

Rome,  1896-. 
DS.=Daremberg  et  Saglio,  Dictionnaire  des   antiquity  grecques  ei 

romaines.    Paris,  1873-.    (Especially  the  article  by  R.  Cagnat,  s.  v. 

Legio.) 

Eckhel=J.  Ekskhel,  Doctrina  numorum  veterum.    Vienna,  1792-. 
EE.=Ephemsris  epigraphica.    Berlin,  1872-. 
Franziss=F.  Franziss,  Bay  em  zur  ROmerzeit.    Regensburg,  1905. 
Hirschfeld,  Sitz.=0.  Hirschfeld,  "  Die  ritterlichen  Provincialstatthalter," 

Sitzungsherichte  der  kOnigl.  preuss.  Akad.  d.  Wissenschaften  zu 

Berlin,  1889,  pp.  417  flf . 
Hirschfeld,    Verw.=0.  Hirschfeld,   Untersuchungen  auf  dem  Oebiete 

derrOm.  Verwaltungsgeschichte :  I,  Die  kaiserlichen  VeruKUtungs- 

beamten.    Berlin,  1877. 
IO.= Inscriptiones  Oraecae.    Berlin,  1873-. 

lOR. = Inscriptiones  Graecae  ad  res  Romanas  pertinentes.    Paris,  1904-. 
Itin.  Ant.=Q.  Parthey  et  M.  Pinder,  Itinerarium  Antonini  Augusti. 

BerUn,  1848. 

Jung,  Dac.=J.  Jung,  Fasten  der  Provinz  Dacien.    Innsbruck,  1894. 
Jung,  R6m.=S.  Jung,  Rdmer  und  Romanen  in  den  Donauldndem. 
Innsbruck,  1887. 

Eftmmel=0.  Eflmmel,  Die  Anfange  deutschen  Lebens  in  Oesterreich. 
Leipzig,  1879. 

Lieb.  Beitr.=W.  Liebenam,  Beitrdge  zur   Verwaltungsgeschichte  des 

rOm.  Kaiserreichs :    I,  Die  Laujbahn   der  Procuratoren.    Jena, 

1886. 
Lieb.  Quaestt.=W.  Liebenam,  Quaestionum  epigraphicarum  de  imperii 

Rom^ni  administratione  capita  selecta.    Bonn,  1882. 
Lieb.  Verw.=^ .  Liebenam,  Forschungen  zur  Verwaltungsgeschichte 

des  r6m.  Kaiserreichs:  I,  Die  Legaten  in  den  r&m.  Provinzen. 

Leipzig,  1888. 

Marq.= J.  Marquardt,  RQmische  Staatsverwaltung.    Leipzig,  1881-84. 

MB.=Mus4e  beige.    Paris,  1897-. 

Not.  Dign.=0.  Seeck,  Notitia  dignitcUum  accedunt laterculi  pro- 

vinciarum.    Berlin,  1876. 
Nowotny=E.  Nowotny,    "Ein    norisches    Militftrdiplom   des  Traian," 

Festschrift  far  Otto  Benndarf,  pp.  267  flf.    Vienna,  1898. 


164 


8TUDIB8   IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOOT 


Ohl.  Prog.=¥.  Ohlenschlager,  Die  r6m.  Truppen  im  rechtsrheinischen 
Bayem,  Programm  des  kOnigl.  Maximilians-Gymnasiums.    Munich, 

1883/84. 

Ohl.  Sitz.=F.  Ohlenschlager,  "Das  Regensburger  rOm.  Militardiplom," 
Sitzungsberichte  d.  phil.-hist,  Clasae  d.  kOnigl.  bayer.  Akad.  d. 
Wiss.  zu  MUnchen,  IV,  pp.  225  flP. 

ORL,=Der  obergermanisch-raetiache  Limes  des  ROmerreiches.  Heidel- 
berg, 1894r-. 

Planta=P.  C.  Planta,  Das  alte  Ratien.    Berlin,  1872. 
Pros.=Prosopographia  imperii  Romani.    Berlin,  1897-. 
pW.=Pauly-Wis80wa,  Real-Encyclopddie  der  classischen  Altertums- 

wissenschaft    Stuttgart,  1894-.    (Especially  the  articles  by  Qcho- 

rius,  s.  w.  Ala,  Cohors.) 
Sch.=H.  Schiller,  Geschichte  der  r6mischen  Kaiserzeit.    Gotha,  188^-87. 
Script. =B..  Peter,  Scriptares  historiae  AugiLStae.    Leipzig,  1884. 
Tab,   PcM^.=Scheyb-Mannertus,    Tabula    itineraria    Peutingeriana. 

Leipzig,  1824. 
Urban=K.  Urban,  Das  alte  Ratien  und  die  rdmischen  Inschriften, 

Magdeburg,  1889. 
Vaschide=V.  Vaschide,  Histoire  de  la  conqu^te  romaine  de  la  Dacie, 

Paris,  1903. 
Zippel=G.  Zippel,  Die  rOmische  Herrschaft  in  Illyrien  bis  auf  Augustus 

Leipzig,  1877. 


\ 


PART  L     THE  GOVERNORS. 
I.   Introductory  Statement. 

PROCURATORES  AND  PRAEFECTI.' 

Titles. — For  a  brief  period  after  the  Roman  conquest,  Raetia 
was  in  charge  of  a  pracfectus,'  whose  province  also  included  Vin- 
delicia  and  the  Vallis  Poenina,  with  the  command  of  the  auxiliaries 
of  the  region.  From  some  date  prior  to  69  A.  D.,'  perhaps  under 
Claudius,*  until  167/169  a.  d.*  it  was  under  a  procurator  Augusti 
provinciae  Raetiae,  who,  following  the  outbreak  of  the  Marcoman- 
nic  war,  was  given  increased  power  and  the  title  procurator  et  pro 
legato;*  this,  however,  was  but  a  temporary  expedient,  pending 
the  arrival  of  the  legion  designed  for  this  province. 

That  Noricum  was  ever  governed  by  a  praefectus  is  less  likely, 
because  its  condition  when  conquered  was  such  that  there  was  no 
need  to  fear  a  revolt  against  Roman  control ;'  still  the  title  of  the 
first  known  procurator  (procurator  in  Norico;  under  Claudius) 
may  perhaps  go  back  to  an  earlier  form  like  praefectus  civitatium 
in  Norico." 

Term  of  office, — The  list  of  procuratores  provinciae*  Noricae 

1  Jung.  ROm.  pp.  S3  ff.  >  Raetia  1. 

s  Raetia  2;  Tac.  Hist.  i.  11 :  duae  Mauritaniae,  Raetia,  Noricum,  Thraecia  et  quae  aliae 
procuratoribus  cohibentur. 

«  Ftill  references  on  this  point  will  be  given  in  the  completed  work. 

»  Raetia  9, 10 ;  p.  206.  •  Raetia  10. 

f  It  was  exhausted  by  recent  wars  with  the  Boii  and  the  G«tae ;  see  n.  4. 

>  Noricum  1 ;  Hirschfeld,  Sitz.  p.  425. 

VAschbach,  8ittv,ng$ber.  d.  Wiener  Akad.  (phil.-hitt.  Cla8»e),  XXXV,  p.  5,  followed  bj 
Mommsen,  CIL.  Ill,  p.  588;  K&mmel,  pp.  48,  55;  Marq.  1. 290;  Sch.  I.  222,  and  others  (cf.  also 
Zippel,  pp.  275  ff.),  promulgated  the  doctrine  that  Noricum  during  the  time  that  it  was  gor- 
erned  by  procurators  was  a  regnum  rather  than  a  provincia.    The  facts  are  briefly  as  follows : 

1.  The  country  is  caUed  regnum  Noricum  five  times  during  the  period  in  question  (Veil, 
ii.  toe.  5;  Suet.  Tib.  16;  CIL.  VI.  1599;  VIII.  9363;  III.  11543  (Noricum  6,  20,  24)  )  and  four 
times  eren  after  the  arrival  of  an  imperial  legate  {CIL.  VI.  1546  (Noricum  25);  III.  4800; 
4797;  4828),  the  latest  case  being  in  239  A.D.  (III.  4800).  Now,  these  last  four  instances 
obrionsly  iUustrate  the  retention  in  i>opular  speech  of  a  familiar,  though  no  longer  exact, 
term ;  one  of  them,  VI.  1546,  is  shown  to  be  colloquial  in  character  by  the  use  of  quiuque- 
fascalis  forlegatus,  and  the  other  three  are  inscriptions  of  freedmen  revenue  officials.  Whj 
may  not  the  same  explanation  apply  to  the  five  earlier  cases  as  well?    It  is  certainly  onsafo 

165 


166 


8TUDIB8    IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOOT 


is  unusually  complete,'  especially  for  the  time  of  Antoninus  Pius.* 
Since  seven  governors  can  be  dated  with  certainty  as  coming 
within  the  twenty-three  years  of  his  reign,  while  ten  or  eleven 
more  probably  also  belong  there,  the  average  term  of  office  at 
that  period  was  less  than  a  year  and  a  half. 

Duties* — The  procurator  commanded  the  auxiliary  troops 
stationed  in  his  province,*  and  had  civil,'  and,  in  at  least  one  case,* 
criminal  jurisdiction  (ius  gladi). 

Beneficiarii  procuratoris  Norici. — The  procurator  of  Noricum 
was  assisted  by  one  or  more^  beneficiarii,  from  twenty-three  of 
whom*  we  have  inscriptions,  mostly  dedications  to  I.  O.  M.,* 
ranging  in  date  from  Trajan  to  M.  Aurelius.'"  The  function  of 
these  officials  is  uncertain;"  the  older  explanation,  that  they  com- 

to  interpret  strictly  a  mere  parenthetical  explanation  of  locality  like  Suet.  Tib.  16.  while 
Yell.  ii.  109.  5  is  ofiFset  by  Yell.  ii.  39.  3.  Such  a  laxity  in  deslKuation  as  has  been  suKcrested 
occurred  also  in  the  case  of  re^ruum  Cottium  (see  CIL.  V,  pp.  808  f.),  and  can  easily  be  paral- 
leled today,  e.g.,  in  the  use  of  the  Colonial  "shilling/'  which  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
United  States  still  lingers  after  more  than  a  century. 

2.  Noricum  is  called  provincia  (<irapx(«)  four  times  before  M.  Aurelius  (Veil.  ii.  S9.  S; 
Tac.  ^nn.  ii.  68;  Ptol.  ii.  13.2;  CIL.  IX.  47!>S  (Noricum  4)  ).  On  Aschbach's  theory  theee 
must  be  explained  as  inaccuracies. 

S.  There  is  no  evidence  that  the  retention  of  "den  alten  stolzen  Namen  KAni^rreich" 
(KAmmel,  p.  48;  cf.  Sch.  I.  222)  was  accompanied  by  any  greater  freedom  from  Roman  con- 
trol  than  in  the  case  of  any  other  procuratorial  province.  Noricum  was  treated  no  better 
than  Raetia,  which  had  previously  been  neither  a  unified  Icingdom  nor  an  ally  of  Rome.  The 
comparison  with  the  regna  of  Egypt  and  the  Cottian  Alps  is  misleading  because  these  were 
under  praefecti ;  the  history  of  Raetia  shows  that  government  by  praefecti  was  not  the  same 
as  government  by  procurators,  but  was  a  preliminary  stage  used  for  communities  not  fully 
organized  or  trusted. 

4.  A  partial  collection  of  the  material  does  not  bear  out  the  supposition  that  hesitation 
was  felt  in  applying  the  term  provincia  to  a  district  ruled  by  procurators;  see,  for  example, 
Raetia  S,  5, 6, 9, 10 ;  accident  or  custom  seems  to  be  the  controlling  factor  in  the  name. 

In  view  of  all  these  considerations  it  seems  more  probable  that  provincia  was  the  oflB- 
cial  designation. 

I  Noricum  1-24.  >  Noricum  6-22  or  23.  >  Lieb.  Qutiettt.  pp.  43  ff. 

*  Noricum  2,  7;  Raetia  9;  hence  the  assumption  that  Seztilius  Felix  (Noricum  3)  and 
Ti.  lolius  Aquilinus  (Raetia  4)  were  procurators. 

>  Noricum  10.  c  Raetia  3. 

^Three  cases  of  two  (Noricum  7, 12, 16;  see  pp.  182  f.)  and  two  of  three  (Noricum  9, 17) 
beneficiarii  of  the  same  procurator  are  recorded,  but  it  is  not  known  whether  they  served 
simultaneously . 

8  For  list,  see  pp.  182  f . 

tin.  5176  is  to  Epona;  11826  is  an  epitaph;  14362,  p.  2S28i»7  in  doubtful  (Noricum  17, 9, 
22;  cf.  p.  183,  n.  1). 

10  While  the  province  was  ruled  by  legates,  similar  dedications  were  made  by  bf.  cott 
leg.  II  Ital.,  see  pp.  200  f. 

II  Jung,  Dae.  pp*177  f . ;  EX.  IV,  pp.  400  f. ;  Cagnat,  p.  127 ;  Diz.  Ep.  1. 992  ff. ;  Wettdeutaehe 
ZettKhrift^JJLI.  li»B. 


ADMINISTRATION   OF   NOBIOUM   AND    BABTIA 


167 


manded  detachments  of  auxiliaries,  seems  inapplicable  here,  for 
the  completeness  of  the  series  is  entirely  out  of  proportion  to  the 
military  importance  of  Noricum  at  this  time;*  some  secretarial  or 
other  confidential  duty  is  more  probable. 

Rank, — ^The  procurator  of  Noricum  was  a  centenarius.'  He 
outranked  the  procurators  of  Sicily,*  Lusitania,'**  Thrace,'  Asturia 
and  Gallaecia;'  probably  also  those  of  Pontus,*  Judaea,'  Sar- 
dinia,' Africa;'  he  was  of  less  importance  than  the  procurator 
of  Mauretania*  or  Raetia.*  His  relation  to  the  procurator  Panno- 
niae  superioris  and  the  procurator  XX  hereditatium  is  uncertain." 

The  procurator  of  Raetia  was  probably  a  ducenariusj"  his 
office  was  of  the  same  grade  as  the  procuracy  of  Mauretania 
Caesariensis;"  lower  than  that  of  Belgica  et  utraque  Germania," 
or  of  Lugdunensis,"  higher  than  that  of  Cilicia,'*  Lusitania,"  Dacia 
superior,'*  Cappadocia,'*  Pontus"  mediterraneus  et  Armenia  minor 
et  Lycaonia  Antiochiana,"  Noricum.*  As  the  greater  part  of  the 
inscriptions  is  of  the  time  of  Pius,  the  evidence  is  not  sufficient  to 


1  Liebenam,  QuaatU.  p.  46,  in  arguing  for  a  military  function,  eays :  '*  ii  beneficiarii 
quorum  tempus  definire  possumus  Antouinurum  aetati  asscribendi  videntur  cum  in  pro- 
Tinciis  circa  Danubium  sitis  novae  neque  exiguae  barbarorum  incursiones  aut  exspecta- 
bantur  aut  factae  sunt."  In  point  of  fact,  however,  the  series  begins  under  Trajan  (Noricum 
4,  p.  182),  i.  e.,  before  the  need  for  increased  armament  was  felt  (p.  211). 

3  Hirschfeld,  Verto.  p.  261,  n.  1.    The  time  of  Pius  is  meant,  unless  otherwise  indicated. 

s  Noricum  4  (under  Trajan). 

«Cf.  Raetia  6;  Lieb.  Beitr.  p.  22.  In  Liebenam *s  table,  Beitr.  p.  35,  Noricum  should  be 
above  Lusitania,  and  therefore  above  Sicily  and  Cilicia.  Hirschfeld,  Sitt.  p.  424,  n.  52,  rightly 
objects  to  placing  Noricum  below  the  Alpine  states. 

6  Noricum  6.  •  Noricum  8.  ">  Noricum  22.  «  Noricum  23 ;  20(T) ;  cf .  n.  10. 

*  Noricum  23;  cf.  the  restoration  of  Noricum  8. 

10  Lieb.  Beitr.  p.  62:  **Aumiig  wenigstens  ist,  dass  die  Procuratnren  von  Lusitanien 
nnd  Noricum  sowohl  vor  als  nach  der  proc.  XX  hereditatium  verwaltet  werden."  His 
authority  for  Noricum  is  evidently  Noricum  20  {Beitr.  p.  93) ;  he  does  not  use  Noricum  4  in 
this  connection.  It  is,  however,  not  absolutely  clear  whether  the  cursus  of  Noricum  20  is  to 
be  taken  in  ascending  or  descending  order,  a  diflSculty  which  Liebenam  apparently  felt,  for 
on  pp.  93  and  35  (by  placing  Pannouia  superior  above  Noricum)  he  adopts  the  descendinir 
order,  but  prefers  the  reverse  in  his  table  for  Pannouia,  p.  37  (cf.  p.  23).  If  Hauritaniae  be 
supplied  with  the  last  item  of  CIL.  VIII.  9363  (cited  p.  176),  the  cursus  of  Noricum  20  is 
ascending,  which  would  fit  in  well  with  the  seeming  unimportance  of  Pannouia  superior. 
On  the  other  hand,  in  the  case  of  Noricum  4  (under  Trajan),  proc.  XX  hereditatium  precedes 
proc.  prov.  Noricae. 

11  Hirschfeld,  Verw.  p.  260,  n.  5. 

13  Raetia  6;  Raetia  8  =  Noricum  23;  cf.  Noricum  20;  Lieb.  Beitr.  pp.  27, 35. 

1*  Raetia  6;  cf.  Noricum  6.  i<  Raetia  5  =  Noricum  8.  U  Raetia  6;  cf.  Noricum  4 

!•  Raetia  9. 


168 


STUDIES   IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOOT 


show  any  chronological  variations  in  the  grade  of  Raetia  during 
its  rule  by  procurators,  nor  indeed  is  there  any  reason  to  suppose 
that  such  existed  in  the  case  of  either  Raetia  or  Noricum,  since, 
after  they  had  once  been  thoroughly  subdued,  their  commercial 
and  strategic  importance  must  have  been  fairly  constant  until 
M.  Aurelius.*  As  both  stood  near  the  head  of  the  list  of  procura- 
cies, they  were  in  general  held  only  by  men  who  had  previously 
been  provincial  procurators  elsewhere ;  but,  in  the  first  century  at 
least,  this  requirement  was  not  absolute  in  the  case  of  primipili  II.* 

LEGATI  PRO  PRAETORE. 

Titles. — From  about  170  a.  d."  until  the  reforms  of  Diocletian, 
Noricum  and  Raetia  were  ruled  by  legati  Augusti  pro  praetore,* 
called  informally  quinquefascales*  {TrevrdpafiBoi*)  and  praesides,' 
who  were  also  the  legati  legionis  II  Italicae  and  legionis  III 
Italicae  respectively." 

Rank. — Until  the  middle  of  the  third  century  they  were  prae- 
torii,*  sometimes  consules  designati  ;'*  later  a  previous  legionary 
command,  which  before  had  been  usual,"  became  the  only  requi- 
site." The  legates  of  Noricum  were  lower  in  rank  than  those  of 
Germany,"  Hispania  citerior,"  Asia,"  and  Numidia.'"  The  legates 
of  Raetia  were  lower  than  those  of  Upper  Germany  and  Britain," 
or  Pannonia  inferior ;"  higher  than  those  of  Thrace  and  Moesia 
superior." 

Duties.^* — The  inscriptions  show  that  the  legati  in  Noricum 
and  Raetia  commanded  legionary"  and  auxiliary"  forces,  took  part 

I  Lieb.  Beitr.  p.  27,  and  n.  2;  gOTarnment  by  a  praefectus  is  an  argument  for  rather  than 
against  the  early  importance  of  Baetia ;  cf.  pp.  185,  n.  S,  214,  211. 

«  Noricum  1 ;  cf.  Baetia  8.  »  Pp.  198,  205.  *  Noricum  25-33 ;  Baetia  11-22. 

»  Noricum  25.  •  Baetia  13.  »  Noricum  30,  p.  179,  n.  5. 

8  Baetia  11, 15;  Noricum  26;  hence  the  inclusion  of  Noricum  81  in  a  list  of  the  proTinoial 
legati. 

»  Noricum  25-27,  31 ;  Baetia  11, 18,  20;  Lieb.  Verto.  p.  461 ;  Jung.  Dae.  p.  It. 

10  Noricum  26 ;  Baetia  11.  n  Noricum  25,  26 ;  BaeUa  20.  »  Baetia  21,  22. 

19  Noricum  25.  !«  Noricum  27.  u  Noricum  33.  i«  Baetia  12.  i?  Baetia  20. 

1*  Lieb.  Vervj.  pp.  449  ff. 

1*  Noricum  31 ;  Baetia  16;  of.  p.  166  and  n.  4. 


ADMINISTBATION   OP   NOBICUM    AND    BAETIA 


169 


in  active  military  operations,^  superintended  the  construction  of 
fortifications*  and  roads,'  and  shared  in  the  worship  of  the 
imperial  family*  and  the  genius  of  the  legions.* 

PRAESIDES  AND  DUCES  LIMITANEI. 

Titles, — Under  Diocletian,  at  least  as  early  as  290  A.  d.,*  the 
military  was  separated  from  the  civil  administration,  the  latter 
being  intrusted  to  praesides  provinciae  Norici  mediterranei,' 
Norici  ripensis,'  and  Raetiae,'  the  former  to  duces  limitis  Raetici,'* 
and  duces  limitis  Pannoniae  primae  et  Norici  ripensis."  In  the 
fourth  century  Raetia  too  was  divided,"  and  praesides  Raetiae 
primae  and  Raetiae  secundae  are  mentioned." 

Bank. — All  the  above  were  viri  perfectissimi;"  in  the  Notitia 
dignitatum  the  duces  are  also  called  viri  spectabiles.*®" 

Duces  limitis  Raetici. — The  mention  in  the  historians  of  duces 
limitis  Raetici  as  early  as  the  middle  of  the  third  century  raises  a 
perplexing  question  as  to  the  date  when  duces  were  instituted." 
Was  the  separation  of  the  two  branches  of  the  government  a 
gradual  one,  beginning  under  Alexander  Severus?"  That  is,  were 
there  occasionally,  in  times  of  extreme  peril,  duces  as  well  as 
legati?  (One  may  compare  the  Republican  practice  of  appoint- 
ing a  dictator  to  take  charge  of  the  military  duties  of  the  two 
consuls.)  Or  did  the  Scriptores  historiae  Augustae  employ  the 
terminology  of  their  own  time  for  events  of  the  previous  century?" 

» Noricum  27 ;  Baetia  18,  20.  a  Noricum  32 ;  Baetia  14-16. 

»  Noricum  28 ;  Baetia  19.  «  Baetia  17.  5  Noricum  26.  »  Baetia  27. 

'  Noricum  87-39.  »  No  inscriptions ;  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  i.  89.  »  Baetia  27-31. 

10  No  inscriptions ;  at  a  later  time  called  also  dux  Baetiae  primae  et  secundae,  Not, 
Dign.  Occ.  i.  43;  ▼.139;  xzxt.  IS. 

"Noricum  84-36;  Not,  Dign.  Occ.  i.  40;  ▼.  188;  xxxiy.  13. 

»»  Between  297  A.  D.  (Latere.  Veron.  250.  x.)  and  385  A.  D.  (Latere.  Pol.  Silv.  255. 15  f.),  cf. 
Sch.  II.  47,  n.  5 ;  Planta,  pp.  188  ff. 

i»Not.  Dign.  Occ.  i.  92  f. 

i«  Though  no  evidence  is  available  for  the  dux  Baetiae,  his  rank  was  undoubtedly 
the  same. 

U0hl.flVto.  p.  228. 

"Sch.  I.  778;  Marq.  1.557  and  n.  9;  according  to  Arnold,  Roman  Sytem  of  Provincial 
Adminitiration,  pp.  156  f .,  the  change  began  under  Aurelian. 

"  So  AureliuB  Victor,  d«  Coe«.  32f.  (cited  p.  192)  says  "apud  Baetias.*'  etc..  although 
Baetia  was  not  divided  till  long  after  the  date  referred  to. 


170 


8TUDIB8   IN   0LA88I0AL    PHILOLOOT 


i( 


The  confusion  would  have  been  natural,  since  dux*  (like  praeses') 
had  been  a  loose,  general  term  for  military  commander  long  before 
it  acquired  a  technical  meaning.  Of  these  two  hypotheses,  the 
second  is  perhaps  the  more  reasonable. 

n.     The  Governors  of  Noricum. 

PBOCURATORES  AUGUSTI  PROVINCIAE  NORICAE."  * 

1. 

C.    BAEBIUS    P.   P.   CLA.   ATTICUS' 


Claudius 


41/54 


_  CIL.  V.  1838,  1839  (lulium  Camicum):  C.  Baebio  P.  f.  Cla.  Attico, 
n  vir.  i.  [d].,  primopil.  leg.  V  Macedonic,  praef.  c[i]vitatium  Moesiae  et 
Treballia[e,  pra]ef.  [cijvitat.  in  Alpib.  maritumis,  t[r].  mil.  coh.  VIII  pr., 
primopil.  iter.,  procurator.  Ti.  Claudi  Caesaris  Aug.  Germanici  in 
Norico,*  civitas  Saevatum  et  Laianconim. 

1  Noricam  27 ;  other  citations  in  Lieb.  Quaettt.  pp.  55  f. 

>  P.  179,  n.  5.  A  new  and  puzzlin;;  bit  of  evidence  is  afforded  by  a  series  of  milestones 
ereeted  by  praes(ides)  p(royinciae)  P(onti),  dating  in  279  and  282/2KS  A.  D.  (Am.  Jour,  of 
Arch.  IX.  328  f.,  nn.  76,  78,  79;  X.  431  tf . ;  Am.  Jour,  of  Phil.  XXVII.  U9).  Does  this  mean 
that  the  change  to  praesiJes  (in  the  technical  sense)  befrnn  before  Diocletian Y  The  whole 
question  of  duces  and  praesides  needs  to  be  thoroughly  inyestigated. 

>In  this  list  and  those  which  follow  no  attempt  is  made  to  attain  completeness  except 
in  matters  which  directly  concern  the  term  of  office  in  Noricum  or  Raetia. 

«See  Seidl,  Sitzungaber.  d.  Wiener  Akad.  (phil.-hist.  Cl(u$e),  XIII,  pp.  62  if. ;  Marq.  1. 290, 
n.  6;  Lieb.  Quaentt.  pp.  Ti  f. 

C.  Antonius  Rufus  (III.  5117 ;  5122;  cf.  Pro».  1. 104,  n.  693;  CIL.  III.  14354 ».  su.  n-u)  was 
not  proc.  (proT.  Noricae),  but  an  official  of  the  revenue  and  postal  service;  see  p.  166, n.  4 
and  ROm.  Mitt.  VIII,  pp.  195  ff.,  especially  p.  200. 

^Pro».  I.  223,  n.  7;  Dessau,  1349.  Liebenam,  Beitr.  p.  28,  n.  3,  says:  "C.  Baebius  Atticus 
war  wohl  nur  Verwalter  der  Domftnen  des  Kaiser  Claudius,  denn  in  Noricum  gab  es  Eahl< 
reiche  kaiserliche  Gater  (III.  5696:  dominiea  rura).  Baebius  war  vorher  nur  primipilns  II, 
wfthrend  die  andern  Procuratoren  von  Noricam  schon  siemlich  wichtige  Prnviuson  verwaltet 
hatten.'*  It  is,  however,  a  well-established  fact  that  the  primipilate  gave  its  possessor  a 
decided  advantage  in  his  later  career  (Lieb.  Quae$tt.  pp.  21  f.,  33  f.;  cf.  also  pp.  34-96,  and 
Hirschfeld,  Veno.  p.  252,  n.  2).  Now  of  the  undisputed  procurators  of  Noricum  there  is  only 
one  who  is  known  to  have  b(>en  primtpilns  II,  namely,  If.  Bassaeus  Rufus  (Noricum  6); 
before  his  term  in  Noricum,  he  had  b<>en  procurator  of  Asturia  and  Gallaecia  only,  the 
lowest  in  grade  of  all  procnratorial  provinces  (Beitr.  p.  30);  moreover,  in  commenting  on 
the  later  cursus  of  ihis  same  Bassaeus  Rufus,  Liebenam  (Beitr.  p.  28)  says  that  the  impor- 
tance and  rank  of  the  governor  of  Noricum  had  greatly  increased  since  the  early  empire  (but 
see  p.  168).  There  seems,  then,  to  bo  no  more  reason,  in  this  case  than  in  many  others,  to 
doubt  that  procurator  means  procurator  provinciae.  It  is  not  surprising  that  the  title  at 
ihis  early  date  is  expressed  informally.  As  for  the  "domnioa  r[ura]"  (»ic,  cf.  III.  11827),  it 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  words  occur  in  a  fragmentary  poetical  epitaph  of  uncertain 
date,  origin,  text,  and  meaning. 

•  P.  166. 


ADMINISTBATION   OF   NOBICUM   AND    BAETIA 


171 


Otho 


2. 

PBTBONIUS   UBBICUS* 


69,  spring 


Tac.  Hist.  i.  70:  ipse  (=Caecina)  paulum  cunctatus  est,  num  Raeticis 
iugis  in  Noricum  flecteret  adversus  Petronium  Urbicum  (MSS.  urbi)  pro- 
curatorem,  qui  concitis  auxiliis  et  intemiptis  fluminum  pontibus  fidus 
Othoni  putabatur. 

CIL.  III.  11B61  (Virunum):  ....  us  Urbicus  proc.  Aug^t 


Vespasian 


3./ 

8EXTILIUS   FELIX* 


69,  late-70 


Tac.  Hist.  iii.  6:  opposita  in  latus  auxilia,  infesta  Raetia,  cui  Porcius 
Septimius'  procurator  erat,  incomiptae  erga  Vitellium  fidei.  igitur  Sex- 
tilius  Felix  cum  ala  Auriana  et  octo  cohortibus  ac  Noricorum  iuventute*/ 
ad  occupandam  ripam  Aeni  fluminis,  quod  Raetos  Noricosque  interfluit, 
missus,  nee  his  aut  illis  proelium  temptantibus,  fortuna  partium  alibi 
transacta. 

Tac.  Hist.  iv.  70: SextiUus  Felix  cum  auxiliariis  cohortibus  per 

Raetiam  inrupere;  accessit  ala  singularium,  excita  olim  a  Vitellio,  deinde 
in  partes  Vespasiani  transgressa.    praeerat  lulius  Briganticus .' 

As  the  commission  of  Petronius  Urbicus  (Noricum  2)  would 
cease  with  the  defeat  and  death  of  Otho,*  Sextilius  was  quite  pos- 
sibly the  procurator  of  Noricum  under  Vespasian.  See  p.  166 
and  n.  4. 

4. 

Trajan  106/117 

[t.?]    PBIFEBNIUS    p.    F.    QUI.    PAETUS    MEMMIUS    APOLLINABIS' 

CIL.  IX.  4753  (Reate):  [T.]  Prifemio  P.  f.  Qui.  Paeto  Memmio  Apol- 
linari,  IIII  vir.  iur.  die.  quinq.,  mag.  iu.,  praef.  coh.  Ill  Breuc,  trib.  leg. 
X  gem.,  praef.  alae  I  Asturum,  donis  donato  exped.  Dae.  ab  Imp.  Tra- 
iano  hasta  pura,  vexillo,  corona  murali  (probably  in  102  a.  d.),  proc.  pro- 
vinc.  Sicil.,  proc.  provinc.  Lusitan.,  proc.  XX  her.,  proc.  prov.  Thiac.,* 
proc.  prov.  Noricae,  P.  Memmius  P.  f.  Qui.  Apollinaris  patri  piissimo. 

III.  5179(Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  Surus,  B*  Memmi  ApoU.  proc.  Aug.,  v. s.  l.m 


1  Prot.  III.  81.  n.  240. 
s  Prot.  m.  285,  n.  tfe. 
SBaetia2. 
«P.2U. 


•P.215,  n.  19;  Seh.  I.  S04. 
*  Lieb.  Quae*tt.  p.  48. 
TProf.  ni.  94,  n.  600. 
«P.  167,nn.  4,  10. 


172 


STUDIES    IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


Since  at  least  five  years  must  have  elapsed  between  Memmius*8 
Dacian  campaign  and  his  term  of  office  in  Noricum,  106  a.  d.  is 
the  earliest  possible  date  for  the  latter;  while,  as  Trajan  was  living 
when  the  inscription  was  cut,  117  a.  d.  marks  the  lower  limit. 

6. 

Trajan  or  Hadrian  After  105 

Q.    OAECILIUS    BBDDITUS* 

III.  5163  (Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  Ant6niu3  Maximus,  »  Q.  Caecili  Redditi 
proc.  Aug.,  y.  s.  1.  m. 

D.  XCVIII  (105  A.  D.): cohort.  I  Britannicae  ao  c.  R.,  cui  praest 

Q.  Caecilius  Redditus, . 

The  procuratorship,  therefore,  was  after  105,  but  probably  not 
later  than  Hadrian. 

6. 
Antoninus  Pius  145  circ./161 

M.    BAS8AEU8   M.    P.   8t[eL.]    BUPUS' 

CIL,  VI.  1599:  M.  Bassaeo  M.  f.  St[el.]  Rufo,  pr.  pr.  [imjperatorum 
M.  Aureli  Antonini  et  [L.]  Aureli  Veri  et  L.  Aureli  Ck>mmodi  Augg., 
[c]onsularibus  ornamentis  honorato  [e]t  ob  victoriam  Germanicam  et 

Sarmatic.  [A]ntonini  et  Commodi  Augg. donate,  praef.  Aegypti, 

praef.  [ann.  aut  vig.],  proc.  a  rationibus,  proc.  Belg[icae  et  du]arum 
Germaniarum,  proc.  regni  [Norijci,  proc.  Asturiae  et  Galleciae,  trib. 
[ooh.  .  .  ]  pr.,  trib.  coh.  X  urb.,  trib.  coh.  V  vigul.,  p.  p.  bis, . 

III.  5171  (CJeleia):  I.  O.  M.  .  .  Liciniu[s]  Hilarus,  [bf.  M.  B]a8saei 
Rufi  [proc.  Au]g.,  v.  s.  1.  m.' 

Bassaens  Rufus  was  made  praefectus  praetorio  between  161 
and  169  a.  d.'  His  procuratorship  in  Noricum  under  a  single 
Augustus,*  being  prior  to  that  date,  was  not  later  than  161. 
Before  governing  Noricum,  he  had  filled  one  administrative  and 
five  military  positions ;  still,  as  late  as  177,*  he  was  not  too  old 
for  active  military  service,  nor  for  the  office  of  praefectus  prae- 
torio. He  could  scarcely  therefore  have  served  in  Noricum  before 
about  145. 

1  Pro*.  I.  252.  n.  52;  PW.  III.  1281,  n.  104;  CIL.  III.  14214». 

»Proi.  I.  230,  n.  57  ("ipse  posuit  procurator IIL  5171"  \m  an  error);  PW.  HI.  108, 

a.  2.   P.  170,  n.  5. 

•  CIL.  VI.  1590;  cf.  IX.  2438  (abont  168  A.  D.)  «UI.  5171. 

tCommodos  ia  called  Aoff.  in  VI.  1580;  Hirachfald,  V«rw.  pp.  226  f. 


ADMINISTRATION   OF   NOBIOUM   AND   BAETIA 


173 


7. 
Antoninus  Pius  153 

ULPIUS    VICTOR^ 

D.  LXIV  (153  A.  D.): in  al(i8)  IV  et  ooh(ortibu8)  XIV  [et  sunt  in 

Norico  sjub  Ulpio  Victore . 

CIL.  III.  5161  (Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  Adnamius  Flavinus,  B-  Ulpi  Victoria 
proc.  Aug.,  V.  s.  1.  m. 

III.  5169  (Celeia). 

Adnamius  Flavinus  was  beneficiarius  also  for  Usienus  Secundus,' 
who  was  procurator  in  158  a.  d.  Ulpius  then  belongs  to  this 
same  period ;  hence  it  is  probable  that  D.  LXIV  is  rightly  under- 
stood to  refer  to  this  command.' 

8.    (=Raetia  5) 
Antoninus  Pius  Probably  before  155 

latin(us)   {or  latin(ius))  pi  ..  (or  pl  .  .  )* 

XII.  1857  (Vienne):  Latin.  PI  ...  .  [leg]ato  ....  [leg.]  Aug.  pro 
pr.  [prov.  Lugujduneus.,  adlecto  in[ter  praetor.*^  ab]  Imp.  Caes.  T.  Aeli[o 
Hadriano  Antonino  Aug.]  Pio  [p.  p.,  .  .  .  .  praef.  class.]  Mi[8enat.,  proc. 
provinc.  Lugludu[nens.,  proc.  provi]nc.  [R]aet[iae,  proc.  prov.*]  Nor., 
pro[c.  provinc]  Pon[ti,  subpraef.  veh]iculor. 

If  the  restoration  given  is  correct,'  this  man  held  office  in 
Noricum  long  enough  before  161  for  him  to  fill  four  other  posi- 
tions during  the  life  of  Pius,  i.  e.,  probably  not  later  than  155. 

1  Pro9.  III.  465,  n.  678.  «  Noricum  9. 

•  Nowotny,  p.  272,  arfrnes  from  the  lar^  nnmber  of  alae  and  cohortes  that  this  fraff* 
mentary  diploma  refers  to  the  auxiliaries  in  Raetia,  not  those  in  Noricum;  the  place  of 
finding  (Castra  Begina)  affords  some  slight  confirmation  for  this  view :  cf.  Urban,  p.  19. 
Thore  is,  however,  ground  for  belieying  that  the  armament  of  Noricum  was  increased 
between  107  and  153  (p.  211) ;  so,  for  example,  ala  I  Aug.  Thracum  (p.  216)  was  transferred 
from  Raetia  to  Noricum  between  107  and  140/144;  there  is  then  no  difficulty  in  assuming  a 
•imilar  history  for  ala  II  Fl.  p.  f.  oe,  especially  as  it  is  omitted  in  the  Raetian  diplomata 
dating  later  than  153  (p.  215).  Ulpius  Victor,  moreover,  is  known  from  two  other  inscrip- 
tions to  have  been  procurator  of  Noricum  not  far  from  158  A.  D.  It  is  of  course  not  impos- 
aible  that  afterwards  (cf.  p.  167)  in  153  he  was  procurator  in  Raetia  (cf.  Noricum  8  = 
Raetia  5;  Noricum  2Srs:  Raetia  8). 

*Pro$.  II.  267,  n.  82.  SHirschfeld,  Verto.  p.  245,  n.  3.  'Cf.  p.  165,  n.  9. 

^  The  restoration  proposed  by  Hirschfeld  in  the  Corpus : [proc.  provi ]nc.  LR]aet[ia6 

et  regni]  Nor. ,  is  faulty  because  it  implies  that  Noricum  and  Raetia  were  united  under 

one  procurator,  an  assumption  for  which  there  is  not  a  particle  of  positive  evidence,  and 
which,  when  one  bears  in  mind  the  early  history  of  the  two  proviuces,  their  opposition  in  69, 
(Noricum  2, 3;  Raetia  2;  Jung,  R6m.  p.  35),  and  their  complete  separation  during  and  after 
the  period  of  military  occupation,  appears  extremely  improbable.  The  rank  of  the  two 
provinces,  moreover,  was  not  the  same  (p.  167). 


174 


STUDIES   IN   OLA88IOAL    PHILOLOOT 


Antoninus  Pius  268 

USIENUS    {or  USENUS)    SEGUNDUS* 

III.  5166  (Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  Q.  Kininius  Luc&nus,  B  Usieni  Secundi 
pr6c.  Aug.,  V.  8. 1.  m.    Tertul.  et  Sacerd.  cos.  (168  a.  d.) 

III.  6162  (Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  Adoamius  Flavinus,'  B.  Useni  Secundi 
ppoc.  Aug.,  V.  8. 1.  m. 

III.  11826  (Lauriacum):  Verino  Verionis  f.,  B-  Useni  Secun. . 

10-12.  % 

The  next  three  governors  can  be  dated  only  approximately  as 
having  held  office  during  the  reign  of  Antoninus  Pius,  138-161  A.  D. 

10. 

0AE0ILIU8    IUVENTIANU8* 
in.  6182  (Celeia):  [  .  .  .  .  bf.  CJaecili  .  .  v.  entiani  proc.  Aug. 
Digeaty  xlviii.  18.  10,  pr.:   de  minore  quattuordecim  annis  quaestio 
habenda  non  est,  ut  et  divus  Pius  Caecilio  luventiano  rescripsit. 

11. 

L.    0AMMIU[8]    SECUNDI [nus]* 

C/L.  III.  6328  (Solva):  M.  Gavi[o]  Maxim[oJ  praefec[to]  praetor[io] 
L.  Cammiu[s]  Secundi[nus]  p.  p.,»  praef.  leg.  X  ...  ,  pnx;.  Aug.}  amico. 
Gavins  Maximus  was  praefectus  praetorio  from  138  to  158.* 

12. 

O.    OBNSOBIUS   NIOEB^ 

III.  6181  (Celeia):  I.  O.  M.  M.  Ulpius  Crescens,  B  C.  Censori  Nigri 
proc.  Aug.,  v.  8. 1.  m.    Cf.  III.  6174  (Celeia). 

Niger,  after  receiving  promotion  from  Pius,  lost  favor  with 
him.     He  died  while  Pius  and  Gavins  Maximus  were  still  alive.' 

«  Fro9.  in.  4W.  n.  689.  «  Cf.  Noricum  7.  J  Prot.  I.  249.  n.  37 ;  PW.  HI.  1201,  n.  59. 

*Prot.  I.  296,  n.  304;  PW.  III.  1433.  As  there  is  no  clear  example  of  a  proc.  Au«.  proT. 
Noricae  (or  Raetiao)  who  had  not  preriously  ruled  another  province  or  held  the  primipilat* 
for  the  second  time  (p.  168),  it  is  uncertain  whether  or  not  Secundinus  was  a  proTineial 
procurator.  A  similar  doubt  which  is  sometimes  expressed,  e. «.,  Lieb.  Beitr.  p.  28,  n.  3, 
with  regard  to  other  instances  of  proc.  Aug.,  seems  less  well  grounded  in  the  case  of  tboM 
who  are  mentioned  in  the  long  series  of  dedications  by  beneaciarii ;  all  of  these  about  whom 
we  hare  other  information  (Noricnm  4-7, 10)  prove  to  have  been  governors;  in  the  absence, 
therefore,  of  indications  to  the  contrary,  the  others  of  simUar  form  (Noricum  12-19)  would 
naturally  refer  to  the  same  officials,  especially  as  inscriptions  of  other  kinds  of  procurators 
are  not  found  at  Celeia.  • 

»  Perhaps  of  legio  XIII  gemina.  cf.  OIL.  Ill,  p.  1045  ad  n.  4660,  5, 

•  ScHpt.  Piut,  8.  7 ;  Pro:  II.  112,  n.  60.  t  Pro:  I.  337,  n.  547 ;  PW.  III.  1910,  n.    . 

•Pronto,  ad  Pium,  pp.  164 ff.  (ed.  Naber),  especially  p.  165. 


ADMINISTRATION   OF   NOBIOUM   AND   BAETIA 


175 


13-21. 

No  evidence  is  known  for  dating  Noricum  13-21.  The 
inscriptions  for  Noricum  13-19,  which  are  similar  in  form  to 
the  inscriptions  of  beneficiarii  of  Noricum  4-7,  9,  10,  12,  and 
which  (with  the  exception  of  15)  were  found  like  them  at  Celeia, 
probably  belong  to  about  the  same  period,  namely,  the  reign  of 
Pius  or  a  little  earlier.  The  title  in  each  case  is  indicated  by 
proc.  Aug.,  hence  they  surely  precede  161  a.  d. 


III.  5173  (Celeia). 


III.  6170  (Celeia). 


IS. 

0.    ANTISTIUS    AUSPEX' 


14. 

DBU8IU8    PBOO[ULUS]' 


15. 

BGNATIUS    PBISOUS' 

III.  11769  (luvavum). 

16. 

PLAVIU8    TITIANU8* 
III.  6164;  6172  (Celeia). 

17. 

Q.    LI8INIU8   8ABINU8* 
III.  6167;  6168;  6176;  6176  (Celeia). 

18. 

PLAUTIU8    0AB8IANU8* 
III.  6177  (Celeia). 

19. 


O.    BASINIUS    8IL0' 


III.  6166  (Celeia). 


I  Pro$.  I.  85,  n.  590. 

aCf.,  perhaps.  OIL.  IX.  506 ;  Pro:  II.  29,  n.  171.  'Omitted  in  Pro:  and  PW. 

*Pro$.  II.  76,  n.  253.  Several  men  of  the  name  are  known,  but  there  is  not  sufficient  evi- 
dence  to  connect  any  of  them  with  this  procurator.  The  most  likely  is  the  T.  Flavins  Titia- 
nns  {Pro$.  II.  77,  n.  Z51),  who  in  164-166  A.  D.  was  praefectus  Aegypti.  Cf .  the  eorsos  of 
M.  Bassaeus  Bufns  (Noricum  6). 

K Pro:  II.  280,  n.  196.  •  Pros.  lU.  45,  n.  S49.  T  Pro:  lU.  125,  n.  21. 


176 


STUDIES   IN   GLA88I0AL    PHILOLOGY 


20. 
TI.    CLAUD (lUS)    TI.    PIL.   PAL.  PBISCIANU8* 

VIII.  9363,  p.  974  (Caesarea):  Ti.  CI.  Prisciano,  proc^Aug.  proc.  pio- 
vinciae  Pannoniae  superioris,  proc.  regni  Norici,  proc.  XX  hereditatium, 

prov.  provinciae . 

VIII.  9364  (Caesarea).  

X.  3849  (Capua);  Claud.  Ti.  fil.  Fal.  Priscianus  proc.  XX  hereditatium. 

21. 

M.  POBCIUS  VEBU8* 
III.  5317  (near  Marburg):  M.  Porcius  Verus  proc.  Aug.  me  posuit. 

22. 
M.(?)  CLAUDIUS  PATEBNU8  CLEMENTIANUS' 

III.  14362,  p.  2328"'  (Vinmum):  G(enio)  8[a]crum  [bf.  t  Cl]audi 
Patemi  Clementiani  proc.  Aug.  [celjlam  col[u]mna8  p[avi]menta  porti- 
cum  .... 

III.  5776  (Abudiacum,  Raetia):  CI.  Pater[nu>  Clement[i]4n]u8,  proc. 
[Au]g.  provincia[nim]  lud.  v.  a.  1.,  Sar[din.],  Africae,  et  .  .  .  .  ,  praef .  eq. 
[alae]  Silianae  [torq.  c.  R.],  trib.  milit[um]  leg.  XI  C[l.],  prafef.  coh.  clas- 
sic] .... 

III.  5775;  5777  (Abudiacum). 

It  is  uncertain  whether  Noricum  or  Raetia  was  the  province 
ruled  by  this  man.  The  inscription  from  Noricum  (III.  14362), 
however,  is  concerned  with  building  operations — probably  under 
the  charge  of  a  beneficiarius — in  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the 
province.  The  tituli  from  Raetia  all  come  from  a  compara- 
tively unimportant  town  and  are  of  a  private  nature:  III.  5777  is 
the  epitaph  of  the  mother*  of  Clementianus ;  5775  and  5776  give 
his  cursus  in  a  form  such  as  would  be  suitable  to  place  upon  a 
building  erected  through  his  generosity.  Hence  it  would  seem 
slightly  more  probable  that  the  country  governed  by  Clementia- 
nus was  Noricum,  while  his  home  was  in  Raetia.*  It  is  of  course 
not  sure  that  he  was  procurator  of  either  province. 

1  P.  167,  n.  10 ;  Prot.  I.  393,  n.  770 ;   PW.  III.  2845,  n.  285.  »  Pro§.  III.  89,  n.  W6. 

•  Ohl.  Prog.  p.  24;  Prot.  I.  391,  n.  756;  PW.  III.  2840,  n.  262.    Mommsen's  attempted  iden- 
tification of  this  Clementianus  with  the  Clem  ....  of  III.  11947  (Abusina)  is  impossible, 
that  inscription  is  correctly  said  to  be  of  the  third  century. 

«/Vo«.  1.406,  n.  860. 

•  The  opposite  was  true  of  T.  Varius  Clemens,  Raetia  6.    Cf.  Jung,  S6m.  p.  90  and  n.  2. 


I 


ADMINISTRATION   OP   NORICUM    AND    RAETIA 


177 


\ 


If  the  M.  Claud.  Patemus,'  who  was  a  friend  of  T.  Desticius 
Se verus,  procurator  of  Raetia  in  166,^  was  the  same  man,  the  date 
cannot  be  many  years  earlier  than  161,'  the  last  year  when  proc. 
Aug.  of  III.  14362  would  be  possible. 


23.  (=Raetia8) 
Antoninus  Pius  or  M.  Aurelius 

SEX.   BAIUS  PUDENS* 


Before  167 


IX.  4964=Dessau,  1363  (Cures):   D.  [M.]  Sex.  Bai[o  Pudenti  .  .  .  .  ] 

proc.  Aug item  ....  Norici,  Raetiae  Vindelicfiae,*  Maurjetaniae 

Caesar. . 

Baius  was  governor  of  Mauretania  in  167/169,  probably  in  167.* 


24. 


161/169 


M.  Aurelius  and  L.  Verus 

[a]el(ius)  maxim[us] 

III.  11643  (Virunum): [p]roc.  Augg.  n[n].  r.  N. 

The  dates  given  are  the  only  ones  possible  for  two  Augusti 
before  legati  replaced  procurators. 

LEGATI  AUGUSTI  PRO  PRAETORE  PROVINCIAE  NORICAE.' 

25. 


M.  Aurelius  or  later 


After  168 


VI.  1546,  p.  3142:  ....  [leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov i]tem   Ger- 

m[aniae] ,  [quin]que[f]asc.*  reg[ni  Norici,»«  leg.  leg.  V]II  CI.  [p.]f., 

praetoifi]. 

1  JVo««.  d.  Scovt,  1885,  p.  175  (cited  p.  187) ;    C/L.  III.  13391.  a  Raetia  9. 

»  Jnng,  Dae.  pp.  79  f. ;  Marq.  I.  421,  n.  2. 

«  Pro*,  I.  225,  n.  29;  PW.  II.  2781  f. 

•  It  must  not  be  assumed  that  Baius  ruled  Noricum  and  Raetia  at  the  same  time;  see 
p.  173.  n.  7 ;  Lieb.  Beitr.  p.  27. 

•VIII.  20834;  20835;  20961;  21007. 

'  Marq.  I.  291,  n.  3;  Lieb.  Verw.  pp.  300  flP.    For  Sabi[nus],  legate  in  198/2(»,  see  refer- 
mces  given  under  Raetia  19. 

«  Proa.  III.  500,  n.  38. 

*Marq.  I.  550  and  n.  5;  Lieb.  Verw.  p.  446  and  n.  S. 

lOQr  re^ionis  Transpad.]. 


178 


STUDIES    IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOOT 


26. 


Commodus  191 

C.  MEMMIUS  C.  F.  QUIB.  FIDUS  IULIU8  ALBIUS* 

III.  15208  (Lanriacum):  Genio  leg.  II  Ital.  p(iae)  M.  Gavius  Finnus 
p.  p.  Vellin.  Firmo  Picen.,  dedicanteC.  Memmio  Fido  lul.  Albiocos.  des., 
leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  XIIII  K.  Oct.  Aproniano  et  Bradua  cos.  (Sept.  18,  191) 

VIII.  12442  (Vina):  C.  Memmio  C.  f.  Quir.  Fido  lulio  Albio  cons., 

sodali  Titio,  leg.  Aug.  pro  pr.  prov.  Noricae, leg.  Aug.  leg.  VII 

Claudiae, . 

27. 
Septimius  Sevenis  194 

TIB.    0L(aUDIU8)    CANDIDUS 
II.  4114  (Tarraco): 


Tib.  CI.  Candido  cos. 


XV  vir.  8.  f .,  leg.  Augg. 
pr.  pr.  provinc.  H(ispaniae)  c(iteriori8), 
et  inea  duci  terra  marique 
6  adversus  rebelles  h.  h.  p.  p.  (=hoste8  publicos*), 
item  Asiae,  item  Noricae, 
duci  exercitus  111  jrici 

expeditione  Asiana  (194  a.  d.),  item  Parthica  (195  a.  d.\ 
item  Gallica  (196/197),  logistae  civitatis 
10  splendidissimae  Nicomedensium, 
item  Ephesiorum,  leg.  pr.  pr.  provinc. 
Asiae,  cur.  civitatis  Teanensium, 
allecto  inter  praetorios, . 

Candidus  was  probably  legate  of  Noricum  at  the  time  when  he 
took  part  in  Severus^s  eastern  expedition.' 

1  Pro$.  II.  963,  n.  5(0;  cf.,  perhaps,  lOB.  III.  368. 

'On  the  reading  in  line  5,  see  PW.  cited  below  in  n.  S. 

S  Wilmanns,  Exempla  imcr.  Lat.  1201  (followed  by  Sch.  I.  714;  Dessan,  1140,  and  in  th* 
main  by  Jung,  ROm.  p.  96,  n.  1 ;  PW.  III.  2691,  n.  96)  reads  in  lines  5  and  6:  adversns  rebellea 
HCispaniae),  h(o8tes)  p(opali)  R(omani),  |  item  Asiae,  item  Noricae,  making  the  last  two 
genitiyes  depend  upon  rebelles,  and  inferring  that  Noricnm  supported  Clodius  Albious  against 
Septimius  Severus.  That  seems  unlikely,  however,  in  viow  of  the  fact  that  the  legion  in  Nori- 
cum was  honored  by  Severus  in  193  and  again  before  200  (p.  197).  The  political  sympa- 
thies of  Noricum  were  always  with  Pannonia  and  the  other  Danubian  provinces  rather  than 
with  the  West.  Then,  too,  this  construction  as  a  parallel  to  Hispaniae  and  Asiae  would 
require  Norici,  not  Noricae,  which  is  not  used  alone  as  the  name  of  the  province.  The 
explanation  given  in  the  text  is  that  of  Liebenam,  Ferto.  p.  61,  who  considers  lines  4  and  5 
parenthetical  and  construes  item  Asiae,  item  Noricae  with  legatus  in  line  2.  Noricae  is  then 
taken  closely  with  provinc(iae),  thus  avoiding  one  difficulty  in  the  older  interpretation. 
The  oursus  is  descending  as  far  as  the  legateship  of  Noricum  with  its  accompanying  extra- 
ordinary command.    As  the  latter  naturally  suggests  the  similar  purely  military  commands 


ADMINISTBATION   OP   NOBICUM    AND    BABTIA  179 

28. 

Septimius  Severus  2OI 

M.  lUVENTIUS  M.  P.  FAB.  SUBUS  PBOCULUS* 

III.  5712;  5715;  5717;  5746;  11837  (milestones  of  Noricum,  restored 

in  201  A.  D.): curante  M.  luventio  Suro  Proculo  leg.  pr.  pr. . 

V.4360(Brixia):  ....  M.  f.  Fab.  Suro  Proculo  [111]  IlT  viro  eq.  Rom. 


29. 


After  205f 


Septimius  Severus 

POLLENIUS  SEBENNUS* 

Dio,  Ixxvi.  9.  2,  3  (205  a.  d.  ?): HoUi/viV  2e)8cvKw  Sua;  ti^w/d^s 

i^iJvTi/crcv.      iKBoOeU  yap  vno  liafiivov  toU  Nw/wcois,  S>v  ap$ai  ovSkv  xprjarov 
iirtrroiriKti,  al(rxt<rra  irivovSv kou  ei  fuq  8ta  rov  "Aamuca  rov  Oeuw  avrov 

CIL.  III.  5537  (luvavum): b.  PoUieno  Aemiliano  .  .  . 

Possibly   this   fragmentary   inscription   refers  to  the   legate 
mentioned  by  Dio. 


Caracalla 


30. 


M.    MUNATIUS   SULLA    0EBIALI8* 


Before  215 


III.  11743  (Kugelstein):  Erculi  et  Victoriae  Aug.  sacr.  pro  sal.  et  [a]dv. 
M.  Munati  Sullae  Ce[r]ialis  c.  v.,  op.  [pr]es.«^  et  integ.,  [Vjibena  Vibeni 
et  Finitus  Corbi  maritus  1.  v.  s. 

Sulla  Cerialis  was  undoubtedly  legatus  of  Noricum;  he  was 
consul  in  215  a.  d. 

which  followed  it  in  quick  succession,  these  are  loosely  added  in  chronological  order  until 
the  writer  arrives  at  bis  starting-point,  the  struggle  with  Aibinus  in  Gaul  and  Spain;  finally 
the  descending  order  is  resumed. 

Pro$.  1. 362,  n.  668  strangely  ignores  the  words  item  Asiae,  item  Noricae. 

» P.  165,  n.  4 ;  Prot.  II.  258,  n.  598. 

*Pro$.  III.  60,  n.  411.  Liebenam,  Verw.  p.  283,  wrongly  assumes  the  identity  of  the 
Pollenins  Sebennus  in  Dio  and  the  Polleniua  Auspex  of  the  coins  and  acta,  although  the 
latter  (Prot.  III.  60,  n.  410)  is  undoubtedly  Dio's  '/anrat  (cf.  Boissevain's  note  on  Dio,  loe. 
eit.)  and  the  uncle  of  the  legate  of  Noricum. 

>  Jung,  R6m.  p.  40;  Arnold,  Rom.  Prov.  Admin,  pp.  118  f. 

*i*roe.  11.  892,  n.  538. 

aPraeses  at  this  early  date  is  not  technical  (cf.  CIL.  V.  8660)  and  should  not  be  giren 
as  the  official  title,  as  is  done  in  the  Prosopographia  (see  n.  4) ;  CIL.  III.  5216,  n.,  commiU 
a  similar  error.    See  Mommsen,  Staattrecht,  II.  240  and  n.8;  Lieb.  Qtiae$tt.  pp.54r^;  Vena 
pp.  464  f. ;  Hirschfeld,  8itx.  pp.  427  f . ;  CIL.  Ill,  p.  246.^ 


I:  I 


180 


STUDIES   IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOOT 


31. 

Oaracalla  or  Elagabalus  211/222 

Q.    HEBENNIUS   SILVIUS   MAXIMUS* 

IX.  2213  (Telesia):  Q.  Herennio  Silvio  Maximo  c.  v.,  legBt.  leg.  II 
Italicae  et  alae  Antoninianae,  iurid.  per  Calabr.  Lucaniam  Brittios, 
pr. . 

32. 

Probably  early  in  the  3d  century 

P.    C08INIU8    PELIX' 

III.  15208i  (Lauriacum;  ^'litteris  non  malis''):  [Imp.  Oaes Aug.] 

restitui[t  cur.]  P.  Ckwinio  [Felice  ?  leg.]  Aug.  p[r.  pr.]. 

Severus,  Oaracalla,  and  Macrinus  were  the  most  active  in 
building  and  restoring  roads,  etc.,  in  this  region. 


33. 


Valerian  and  Gallienus 


260  or  before 


G.    MACBINIUS    DECIANUS 


VIII.  2615  (Lambaesis): C.  Macrinius  Decianus  v.  c,  leg.  Augg. 

pr.  pr.  prov.  Numidiae  (260  a.  d.*)  et  Norici, . 

The  legateship  of  Noricum  would  naturally  precede.* 
DUCES  LIMITIS  PANNONIAE  PRIMAE  ET  NORICI  RIPENSIS.* 


34. 


310 


Maximinus,  Constantino,  and  Licinius 

aub(elius)  senecio 

III.  5665, 11771  (Bedaium):  Victoriae  Augustae  [8ac]rum  pro  salutem 
[dd.]  nn.  Maximini  et  [Con]stantini  et  Licini  [sejmper  Augg.,  Aur.  Senecio 
[v.  p.]  dux  templum  numini  [ei]us  ex  voto  a  novo  fieri  iussit  per  instantiam 
Val.  Sambarrae  p.  p.  eqq.  Dalm.  Aquesianis  comit.'  1.  1.  m.  ob  victoria 
facta  IV  K.  lulias  Andronico  et  Probo  cos.    (June  28, 310) 

1  Pp.  212, 168  and  n.  8.    Pro*.  II.  139,  n.  M;  Juoff,  Dae.  p.  xxiii,  n.  47. 

3?.  C'osinias  Felix  was  also  legato  of  Pannoaia  inferior,  III.  3421;  Pro».  I.  474,  n.  1251; 
Lieb.  VertD.  p.  334.  The  date  given  by  Liebenam  is  too  eariy,  because  of  the  occurrence  of 
Augg.  in  III.  3421. 

3  Sch.  I.  818;  Prw.  II.  313,  n.  17.  «  CIL.  VIII.  S047.  »  Lieb.  Ver^n.  p.  461. 

*Not.  Dign.  Occ.  i.  40;  ▼.  138;  xxxIt.  IS.  'P.  214. 


ADMINISTRATION    OP   NOBIOUM    AND    BAETIA 


35. 


181 


Diocletian  or  later 

aube[l(ius)]  iustinianus 

III.  4039  (Poetovio):  templum  deil  sol.  inv.  Mit.  Aure[l].  Iustinianus 
y.  p.  dux  labe&ctatum  restituit. 


36. 


Diocletian  or  later 


UBSICINU8 

III.  4656-4658,  11350,  pp.  2328 «'»^  (Pann.  sup.,  Carnuntum  and 
vicinity):  p.  1059;  11853-11855,  13536,  p.  2328^'  (Noricum,  in  and  near 
Lauriacum):  bricks  marked  temp(erante)*  Ursicino  v.  p.  duc(e)  leg.  II 
Ital.  alar(um)  (or  pet*),  or  some  similar  form.' 


PRAESIDES  PROVINCIAE  NORICI  MEDITERRANEI.* 

37. 

Oalerius  and  Maximinus  Daza 


311 


aub(elius)  hermodobus 

III.  4796  (Vininum):  D.  I.  M.  templum  vetusta(te)  conlabsum  quot 
fuit  per  annos  amplius  L  desertum  Aur.  Hermodorus  v.  p.,  p.  p.  N.  m.  t., 
a  novo  restitui  fecit,  quot  edificatum  est  divo  Maximiano  VIII  et  Maxi- 
mino  itr.  A(u)gg.  con.,  Quar(tinio)  Ursiniano  cur. 

38. 
Constantine  323/337 

FAB(iUS)    CLAUDIUS 

III.  5326  (Solva):  d.  n.  Fl.  Val.  Constantino  Maximo  beatissimo  ac 
supra  omnes  retro  principes  piissimo  et  victoriosissimo  semper  Augusto 
b.  r.  p.  n.    Fab.  Claudius  v.  p.,  p.  p.  N.  m.  t.,  d.  n.  m.que  eius  semper. 

39. 
Constans  337/350 

mabtinianus 

III.  5209  (Celeia):  d.  n.  Fl.  Constanti  clementissimo  adque  victore 
Augusto  Martinianus  v.  p.,  praeses  provinciae  Norici  medit.,  d.  n.  m.  eius. 

1  III,  p.  2328197.  J  III.  4656^  11350,  p.  2328«. 

«P.  199.  Bricks  of  another  type:  of(flcina)  arn.  Ursicini  m(a)g(istri)  (III.  4fl68, 11375, 
p.  2328»»7)  are  frequent  in  Pannonia  superior;  one  example,  11856  (to  be  restored  [of.  ar]n. 
Ursicini  m(a)g.)  was  perhaps  foand  in  Noricum.  A  third  variety,  also  from  Pannonia 
superior,  mentions  legio  X  8r(emina) :  11350  e,  m,  p.  2S281*?. 

^Marq.  I.  291,  n.  4. 


182 


STUDIES   IN    CLASSICAL    PHILOLOOT 


Summary  of  tbe  Goveniors  of  Noricimi,  inclnding  a  List  of  BeneficUrii 

Procnratoria. 


Emperor  and  Dat« 

Claudius 

1.  41/54 
Otho 

2.  69,  spring 
Vespasian 

3.  69,  late  -70 
Trajan 

i.        106/117 

Trajan  or  Ha- 
drian 
6.        After  106 


10. 
11. 


PROCURATORES 

C.  Baebius  Atticus 

Petronius  Urbicus 

Sextilius  Felix 

[T.]  Prifemius   Paetus 
Memmius  Apollinaris 

Q.  Caecilius  Redditus 


Beneficiarii  ^ 


Antoninus  Pius 
6.        145  circ./161       M.  Bassaeus  Rufus 


7.        153 


Ulpius  Victor 


8.  Probably  Latin.  Pi . . 

before  155  (=  Raetia  5) 

9.  158  Usienus  Secundus 


Caecilius  luventianus 
L.  Cammiu[s]   Secun- 
di[nus] 


Sums 


(5179)» 


Ant6nius  Maximus 

(5163) 

Liciniu[s]  Hilarus 

(5171) 

Adnamius  Flavinus 

(5161) 

C.  Fuscinius  (Datullus 

(5169) 


Adnamius  Flavinus 

(Cf.  7)  (5162) 

Q.  E&ninius    Luc^nus 

(5166) 
Verinus  Verionis  f . 

(11826,  Lauriacum) 
(5182) 


1  p.  166.  Caner,  EE,  lY,  pp.  388  f.,  gives  six  of  the  nineteen  beneficiarii  published  in  the 
part  of  the  Corpus  to  which  he  had  access ;  Liebenam,  (^aeatt.  pp.  44  ff .,  adds  one  name ;  De 
Buggriero,  Dix.  Ep.  I.  995,  independently  of  him,  adds  two  others  to  Cauer's  collection.  The 
recent  indices  to  CIL.  Ill  for  the  first  time  give  a  list  which  is  practically  complete. 

III.  5689;  11811,  p.  2200  are  fragments  of  inscriptions  concerning  beneficiarii  of  onknown 
procarators. 

*  The  numbers  of  the  inscriptions  in  CIL.  Ill  are  friven  in  parentheses  after  the  names 
of  the  beneficiarii.    Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the  stones  were  fonnd  at  Celeia. 


ADMINISTRATION   OF   NOBIOUM   AND    RAETIA 


183 


Emperor  and  Date  PROCURATORES 

12.  Antoninus  Pius       C.  Censorius  Niger 


Probably  under 
Pius 


13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 

17. 


18. 

19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 

Pius  or  Marcus 

23.  Before  167 

M.  Aurelius 

24.  161/169 


C.  Antistius  Auspex 
Drusius  Proc[ulus] 
Egnatius  Priscus 


Flavins  Titianus 


Q.  Lisinius  Sabinus 


Plautius  Caesianus 

G.  Rasinius  Silo 
Ti.  Claud.  Priscianus 
M.  Porcius  Verus 
M.  Claudius   Patemus 
Clementianus 

Sex.  Baius  Pudens 
(=  Raetia  8) 

[A]el.  Maxim[u8] 


Beneficiarii 

L.  Messius  Frontinus 

(5174) 

M.  Ulpius  Crescens 

(5181) 

Masclinius  Successus 

(5173) 
Gemelliu[s]  Adiutor 

(5170) 
M.  Ulp.  PhilippLh]us 

(11759,  luvavum) 
C.  Anonius  Valens 

(5164) 

Lucilius  Finitus  (5172) 

Q.  Crescentius  Marcel- 

lus  (5167) 

T.  Flavins  Dubitatus 

(5168) 
C.  Mustius  Tettianus 

(5175,  5176) 
.  .  conius  [P]rimu8 

(5177) 
Augustanus  (5165) 


(14362, 

p.  2328"',Virunum)» 


Marcus  or  later 

25.  After  168 
Commodus 

26.  191 


LEGATI 


C.  Memmius  Fidus  lulius  Albius 


1  Bf.  may  be  restored  with  some  degree  of  probability  in  this  fragmentary  inscription. 


184 


STUDIES   IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


Emperor  and  Date 

LEGATI 

SeptimiuR  Sevenis 

27. 

194 

Tib.  CI.  CandidiiH 

28. 

201 

M.  luventius  Sums  Proculus 

29. 

After  205 
Caracalla 

PoUenius  Sebtsinus 

30. 

Before  215 
Caracalla  or 
Elagabalus 

M.  Munatius  Sulla  Cerialis 

31. 

211/222 

Uncertain 

Q.  Herennius  Silvius  Maxima 

32. 

Probably  early  in  the 
3d  century 
Valerian  and 
Gallienus 

P.  Cofiinius  Felix 

38. 

260  or  before 

Maximinus,  Constan- 
tine,  and  Licinius 

C.  Macrinius  Decianus 

DUCES  LIMITIS  PANNONIAE 
I  ET  NORICI  RIPENSI8 

34. 

310 
Diocletian  or  later 

Aur.  Senecio 

35. 

Aure[l].  lustinianus 

36. 

Ga1eriu8    and   Maxi- 
minus  Daza 

Ursicinus 

PRAESIDES  PROVINCIAE 
NORICI  MEDITERRANEI 

87. 

311 

Constantine 

Aur.  Hermodorus 

8a 

323/337 
Constans 

Fab.  Claudius 

89. 

337/350 

Martinianus 

ADMINISTBATION   OF   NOBICUM    AND    BAETIA 


185 


III.     The  Governors  of  Raetia. 
PRAEFECTUS  RAETIS  VINDOLICIS  VALLIS  POENINAE.* 

1. 

Augustus  or  Tiberius  Before  19 

[s]eX.    PEDIUS   sex.  p.   AN.  LUSIANUS   HIBRUTU8* 

IX.  3044  (Interpromium):  [S]ex.  Pedio  Sex.  f.  An.  Lusiano  Hirruto, 
prim.  pil.  leg.  XXI,  pra[ef].'  Raetis  Vindolicis  valli[8  P]oeninae  et  levis 
armatur.,  Htt  vir.  i.  d.,  praef .  Germanic[i]  Caesaris,  quinquennalici  [ijuris 

Germanicus  died  in  19  a.  d. 


PROCURATORES  AUGUSTI  PROVINCIAE  RAETIAE.* 

2. 

Vitellius 

POBCIUS   SEPTIMIUS* 

Tac.  Hist.  iii.  5:  see  Noricum  3. 


69 


3. 

Domitian  or  Nerva  92  or  soon  after 

C.    VELIUS   SA[l]vI   F.    BUFUS 

Jahresh.  d.  Oat-arch.  Inst.  VII,  Beibl.  23  ff.  (Baalbek): C.  Velio 

Sa[l]vi  f .  Rufo donis  donato bello  Marcomannorum  Quadorum 

Sarmatarum,  adversus  quos  expeditionem  fecit  per  regnum  Decebali 
regis  Dacorum,  corona  murali  hastis  duabus  vexillis  duobus,  proc.  Imp. 
Caesaris  Aug.  Germanici  provinciae  Pannoniae  et  Delmatiae,  item  proc. 
provinciae  Raetiae  ius  gla[d]i,'* . 

The  command  in  Pannonia  and  the  military  exploits  are  placed 
by  Ritterling*  in  90/92;  the  oflSce  in  Raetia  then  falls  at  least 
two  years  later. 

iCf.  Planta,  pp.  159 f.;  Ohl.  Sitz.  pp.  225 ff.;  Prog.  pp.  22ff.;  Marq.  I.  289,  n.  1;  Lieb. 
Qnaestt.  p.  75 ;  Arnold,  pp.  45  f . ;  Franziss,  pp.  54  f . 

CIL.  XIV.  386,*  giyin^  the  name  of  Sex.  Oppius  Priscus,  is  forged.  L.  Domitias 
Ahenobarbos,  M.  Aufldius  Yictorinus,  and  P.  Helyius  Pertinax  (cf.  p.  197,  n.  1),  once  assigned 
to  Raetia  on  insufficient  literary  evidence,  are  now  believed  to  have  held  commands  in 
Oermania  superior;  see  Pros., «.  w.  For  Ulpius  Victor,  see  Noricum  7,  and  for  Claudius 
Paternus  Clementianus,  see  Noricum  22. 

a  Prog.  III.  21,  n.  156 ;  Lieb.  Beitr.  p.  27,  n.  2.    P.  219  and  n.  8. 

s  Zippel,  p.  286;  Lieb.  Quaeatt.  p.  41 ;  Beitr.  p.  17,  n.  4;  Hirschfeld,  Sitz.  p.  425. 

«Pro«.  III.  89,  n.  645. 

<^Marq.  I.  557,  n.  S;  Mispoulet,  Inst.  Polit.  d.  Rom..  11.98;  Hirschfeld,  iSft'te.  pp.  438  ff.; 
Lieb.  Qnaestt.  p.  52;  Beitr.  p.  18  and  n.  4;  Jung,  Doc.  p.  vi.  This  is  perhaps  the  earliest 
known  case  of  a  procurator  cum  iure  gladi;  in  the  third  century  they  become  common. 

•  Op.  cit.  35. 


186 


8TUDIE8   IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOOT 


Trajan 

TI.    lULIUS   AQUILINU8* 

D.  XXXV,  pp.  1972,  867  (Weissenburg,  107  a.  d.):  - 
Ti.  lulio  Aquilino . 


107 
-  -  in  Raetia  sub 


6.    (=  Noricum  8) 
Antoninus  Pius  Probably  before  165 

latin(us)  {or  latin(ius))  pi  .  .  {or  pl  .  .) 


Antoninus  Pius 


6. 


T.    VABIU8   T.    FIL.    CLA.    CLEMENS ' 


163/161 


CIL,  III.  6211  (Celeia):  T.  Vario  T.  fil.  Clementi  CI.  Cel.,  proc.  Aug. 

provinciar.  Raetiae,  Mauretan.  Caesarensis,  Lusitaniae,  Ciliciae, . 

Cf.  III.  5212-6216  (Celeia). 

The  approximate  date  is  determined  as  follows:  VIII.  2728 
(Lambaesis),  a  letter  to  Valerius  Etruscus,"  who  was  legate  in 
152  A.  D.,*  tells  of  the  completion  under  the  procurator  Clemens 
of  an  aqueduct  begun  in  147/149.  Clemens  therefore  was  in 
office  in  Mauretania  Caesariensis  in  152,  or  not  long  before  that 
year.  His  term  in  Raetia  followed,  but,  from  the  occurrence 
of  proc.  Aug.  in  III.  5211,  was  not  later  than  161  A.  d. 

7. 

Not  later  than  Pius 

L.  tit[ulenus   ?]" 

XI.  6221  (Fanum  Fortunae): [proc.]  Aug.  Raetiae  et  [Vinde- 

liciae  1] . 


Pius  or  M.  Aurelius 


8.    (=  Noricum  23) 


SEX.    BAIUS   PUDBN8 


Before  168 


» P.  166,  n,  4 ;  Prot.  U.  168,  n.  110. 

«  Pro9.  ni.  385,  n.  185;  Hirschfeld,  Verto.  p.  257,  n.  5;  Jung,  Doc.  p.  x,  pp.  78  f. 

»  Pro*,  in.  886,  n.  48.  *  CJL.  VIII.  2543 ;  17854.  »  Pro$.  IH.  8»,  n.  183. 


ADMINISTBATION   OF   NORICUM    AND    RAETIA 


187 


9. 

M.  Aurelius  166 

T.    DESTICIUS    T.    F.  CLA.    SEVERUS* 

.  Notiz.  d.  Scaviy  1886,  p.  176  (Concordia):  T.  Desticio  T.  f.  Cla.  Severo, 
p.  p.  leg.  X  gem.,  subpraef.  vigil.,  proc.  Aug.  prov.  Daciae  super.,  proc. 
prov.  Cappad.  item  Ponti  mediterr.  et  Armen.  minor,  et  Lycaoniae,  proc. 

Augustor.  prov.  Raetiae,  procur.  prov.  Belgicae, M.  Claud.  Patemus* 

amico  optimo  1.  d.  d.  d.    Cf.  OIL.  V.  8660  (Concordia). 

D.  LXXIII,  p.  1991  (166  a.  d.,  Castra  Regina): in  [Raejtia  sub 

[De]sticio  Severo  pr[oc.] . 

10. 
M.  Aurelius  167/169 

Q.    CAICILIUS  CIRIACUS   SEPTICIUS   PICA  CAICILIANUS* 

CIL.  V.  3936(Arusnates):  Q.  Caicilio  Cisiaco  Septicio  Picai  Caiciliano 

procur.  Augustor.  et  pro  leg.  provincial  Raitiai  et  Vindelic.  et  vallis 

Poenin.,  auguri,  flamini  divi  Aug.  et  Romai,  C.  Ligurius  L.  f.  Vol.  Asper 

O  cob.  I  c.  R.  ingenuor. 

The  only  time  in  the  reign  of  two  Augusti  when  Raetia  was 
a  procuratorial  province  was  under  M.  Aurelius  and  L.  Verus, 
161-169.*  The  increase  of  military  force  shown  by  the  title 
procur.  et  pro  leg.  probably  indicates  a  date  subsequent  to  that 
of  Raetia  9  (166  a.  d.),  i.  e.,  during  the  transition  from  procu- 
rators to  legati.* 

LEGATI  AUGUSTI  PRO  PRAETORE  PROVINCIAE  RAETIAE.' 

11. 

M.  Aurelius  or  later 

APPius  cl(audius)  lateranus' 
III.  6793  (Augusta):  Mercurio  cuius  sedes  a  ter(go)  sunt  Appius  CI. 
Lateranus,  XV  vir.  sacr.  fac.,  cos.  design.,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  leg.  Ill 
Ital.,'  V.  s.  1.  m. 

1  Pros.  II.  8,  n.  50;  Hirschfeld,  Verto.  p.  257,  n.  5;  Jung,  Doc.  pp.  40  f.  >  P.  177. 

tProK.  I.  247,  n.  25;  cf.  Pros.  III.  89,  n.  304  (where  read  "a.  219"  for  "a.  119"). 

*  P.  168.  Cichorius's  date  under  Claudius  ( PW.  IV.  303)  is  therefore  impossible ;  Zippel, 
pp.  2S9  f.,  wrone:ly  places  the  iuscription  under  Marcus  and  Commodus. 

ftp.  197;  Lieb.  Quai$tt.  p.  53;  Beitr.  p.  18,  n.  3;  Jung,  ROm,  p.  84,  n.  5;  Hirschfeld, 
8itz.  pp.  490  f . 

ep.  168;  Plaiita,  p.  161;  Ohl.  8itz.  pp.  227  ff.;  Prog.  pp.  25  ff.;  Marq.  I.  289,  n.  5;  Lieb. 
Verio,  p.  352  ff.;  Jung,  D<ic.  p.  xyiii,  n.  10;  Arnold,  p.  46;  Franziss,  pp.  55 f. 

The  recognition  of  lasdius  as  legate  of  Raetia  rests  solely  upon  an  old  restoration  of 
CIL.  VI.  1428 ;  a  better  text  is  given  in  VI.  81651  (cf.  Pros.  II.  151,  n.  8).  Ohl.  Prog.  pp.  17, 28, 
gives  M.  Aurelius  Probus  as  legate  of  Raetia  in  2.53/259,  his  authority  being  Script.  Prob.  5. 
But  legio  tertia  feliz  there  assigned  to  Probus  was  more  probably  legio  III  Gallica;  cf. 
CJL.  II.  2103.    Feliz  is  nowhere  used  of  leg.  Ill  Ital. 

iProa.  I.  383,  n.  731.  Ohlenschlager,  Sitz.  pp.  227 ff.;  Prog.  p.  14  (followed  by  Lieb. 
Feito.  p.  354;  Arnold,  p.  46)  assigns  this  man  to  196  A.  d.,  but  the  consul  of  197  was  T.  Sex- 
iios  Lateranus  (Klein,  Fcuti  con«ii2are>,  p.  87).     See  also  Raetia  18. 

I  Lieb.  Verw.  p.  468. 


188 


STUDIES    IN   OLASSIGAL    PHILOLOOT 


169/177,  182/196,  212,  214/246,  etc.,  are  the  only  dates  pos- 
sible for  a  single  Augustus  during  the  period  of  legati,  except 
the  years  when  other  governors  are  definitely  known. 

12. 
M.  Aurelius  or  later 

[OAERELLIUS]* 

XIII.  6806  (Mainz):  [Caerellius  ....  leg.  Aug.]  pr.  pr.  pro[vi]n[c.] 
Thrac,  Moes.  sup.,  Rae[t.],  Germ.  sup.  et  Britt.,  et  Modestiana  eius  et 
Caerellii  Marcianus  et  Germanilla  filii. 

The  dates  are  the  same  as  for  Raetia  11. 


13. 


Marcus,  Commodus,  or  Septimius 


167/200  circ. 


Ann,  Ep.  1890,  n.  im  =  IGR.  I.  971  (Gortyna):  ....  [i^l  tov] 
(Tci^rjo/xcrpiov  tov  *Po)/Aauuv  Ta;(dci'[Ta],  TUfxtjOevra  upmavvrj  twv  ic' 
dv8p<i>[v,  ....  Jptavtdv  Toiv  cv  'iToXtigi,  [wp€cr/8cuT^v]  'A<f>pucrj^  avdwraTofv 
a-Tpartfybv  ircJvropa^SSov^  *PaiTuis,  [BoAov/*vJca  KoXi^^  tov  y\vKvraT[ov  #cot 
€v]o'€jSeo'TaTov  viav. 

Ibid.  n.  135  =  /6ri2.  I.  969:  M.  'Pwoxiov  Kvptivtf.  Aovttov  Mov[p]^mv,* 
M.  MovpT;»»a  orpanyytKOV®  vtov,  M.  Movpiyva^  avOvtrarov  "BtiBwia^  ityowv, 
a^frrCfiP^M  cttovXcuv,  ;(€iAuip;(ov  Xeycwvo?  i^Zofirfi  KXavStas,  irpoararrpf 
Xcyewvo^  TtToprrjs  ^Aa)8«is,  ra/xiav  Koi  avTurrpdrriyov  iirap)(€uii  Kpifnys  Kat 
K.vprjvrf^,  BoXov/avux  KaA.i;Sa^  tov  avhpa  t^c  CK-yovov. 

Now  the  grandfather,  M.  (Roscius)  Murena,'  must  have  been 
proconsul  of  Bithynia  before  165  A.  D.,  by  which  year  at  the  latest 
Bithynia  had  become  an  imperial  province,  governed  by  a  leg.  Aug. 
pr.  pr.'  He  would  naturally  be  from  thirty  to  fifty  years  older 
than  his  grandson's  father- (or  uncle- )  in-law,  who  therefore  was 
not  likely  to  have  been  quinquefascalis  Raetiae  later  than  the 
reign  of  Septimius  Severus.* 

1  Pros.  I.  282,  n.  120 ;  PW.  III.  1283,  n.  1.  Not  the  C.  Caerellius  SabinuB  of  III,  1074-1076 ; 
1092;  1111;  cf.  Ohl.  Prog.  p.  27,  n.  72. 

a  Pro*.  III.  500,  n.  37.  »  P.  168.  ♦  Pro$.  III.  480,  n.  644.  » Ibid.  135,  n.  69. 

•  Ibid.  u.  71.  T  Ibid.  n.  70.  «  PW.  III.  529  f. 

*A8  the  upper  limit  is  fixed  at  167  (p.  165),  the  date  aBsi^rned  to  both  iuBcriptions  by 
Halbherr,  Muaeo  ital.  di  ant.  clou.  III.  708,  is  too  early  by  about  half  a  century.  The  evidence 
there  adduced,  the  absence  of  the  title  feliz  from  the  name  of  legio  IV  Flayia,  is  not  con- 
clusive, see,  for  example,  CIL.  VIII.  2744,  2745  (176  a.  o.) ;  V.  1870  (under  Commodus) ;  III. 
1201  (after  Caracalla). 


ADMINISTRATION   OF    NOBIOUM   AND    LAETIA 


189 


14. 
M.  Aurelius-Commodus  179-180 

M.  HELVIUS    [  CLE ]  MENS   DEXTBIANUS* 

CIL.  III.  11966  (Castra  Regina): vallu[m]  cum  portis  et  turribus 

efc.    (=fec.t)  [.  .  .  .  curante?]  M.  Helvio   [Cle]mente   Dextriano   leg. 
Au[gg.  pr.  pr.] 

The  titles  of  M.  Aurelius  and  Commodus  which  precede  the 
part  quoted,  although  apparently  referring  to  the  year  179,  are 
given  in  a  form  used  only  after  the  death  of  Marcus.''  The  stone 
therefore  was  probably  cut  after  March  17,  180,  and  the  term  of 
Helvius  belonged,  in  part  at  least,  to  the  year  of  transition,  180, 
though  it  may  have  begun  in  179. 


Commodus 


15. 


SPIOIUS   CEBIALIS 


181 


III.   I437O2  (BOhming): Spicio  Ceriale   leg.   Aug.  pr.  pr.,  ve- 

x(illarii)'  leg.  Ill  Ital.  vallum  [f]ece(runt)  c.  a.  lul.  Iu[l?]lino  7  leg.  Ill 
Ital.,  item  portas  cum  turrib.  IIII  perfec(ta8)  ab  Ael.  Forte  c.  leg.  Ill 
Ital.,  praep.  c[o]h.  I  Br.,*  Imp.  Ill  Bur[ro  cos.]  (181  a.  d.) 


16. 

Commodus  183/185 

[oebiJalis  OB  [fetiJalis' 

III.  11933,  pp.  2328".  **'  (Pftinz,  in  castris)*: [Com]modo 

cos.  im'  [coh.  I]  Breuc*  [dedicante?]  Fetiale*  [leg.  Aug.]  pr.  pr. 

If  the  name  was  really  Cerialis,  the  identity  of  this  legatus 
with  Raetia  15  is  not  improbable,  and  would  be  an  indication,  per- 
haps, that  at  this  period  legati  held  their  commands  for  a  term  of 
years.*  But  the  assumption  that  such  was  the  case  and  that  the 
rulers  of  III.  11933  and  III.  143702  were  the  same,  seems  to  have 
influenced  the  later  observers  who  report  the  reading  as  Ceriale. 

1  Pros.  II.  131,  n.  47.  «  CIL.  not.  ad  loc.  3  Marq.  U.  464.  ♦  P.  217. 

»  Prof.  II.  69,  n.  116.  •  On  p.  2S2852  read  143702  instead  of  143701. 

'The  date  is  183/185,  not  183/184:  cos.  V  was  in  186,  Klein,  Fasti  cons.  p.  84. 

•  Pp.  232862,  *'» :  [C]eriale. 

»Cf.  Baetia  14;  Lieb.  Vene.  pp.  4.54  f. 


190 


STUDIES   IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


17. 

Commodqs,  Elagabalus,  or  Alexander  Probably  182/192,  218/234 

[ablius  ?  dioJnysius' 

III.  5874(Lauingen):  [djei  Apollinis  Granni  [pro  salute  Imp.  Caes.  M. 

A^lr^l p.  p.  [  .  .  .  Aelius  ?  DioJnysius  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr 

Kal.  lunias. 

170/177,  180/192,  212/216,  218/234  are  the  years  when  a 
single  [An]rel[iu8]  was  Augustus  in  May  within  the  period  dur- 
ing which  Raetia  was  ruled  by  legati.  Other  names  have  been 
assigned  to  180,  181,  213,  and  perhaps  to  182-183/5.*  If  the 
letters  missing  in  the  imperial  titles  were  intentionally  erased, 
170/177,  212/216  are  not  possible. 


Septimius  Severus 


18. 


P.    POBCIU8   OPTATUS    FLAMMA' 


197 


VIII.  7062  (Cirta): [P.j  Porci  Optati  Flamma[e]  c.  v.,  praetoria 

sacerdot[io]  Flaviali    Titiali  iudicio  dom[ini]  n.   sanctissimi  et 

fortissi[mi]  Imp.  Caes.  L.  Septimi  Sever[i  Perjtinacis  Aug.  Pii  exor- 
[nati],  legati  ab  amplissimo  s[enatu]  ad  eundem  dominum  [i]mp.  in 
Germaniam  et  [ad]  Antoninum  Caes.  [im]p.  destinatum  (197  a.  d.)* 
in  Pannoni[am]  missi . 

VIII.  7064  (Cirta):  [  ....  leg.  pr.]  pr.  provinciae  RLII  .... 
(=R(a)etiae  ?  ) [ei]usdem  Porci  Optati  g 

Possibly  Porcius  was  legatus  of  Raetia  at  the  time  when  he 
was  sent  to  the  North  in  197. 


19. 

Septimius  Severus 

8ABi[nus]* 

III.  5727,  p.  1050  ad  p.  705,  III  (milestone):  - 
Augg.  pr.  pr. 


198/209 
-  Sabi[no  v.  c.  le]g. 


I  Pro*.  1. 15,  o.  130;  PW.  I.  492,  n.  47  (the  date  under  M.  Aureliua  is  a  mere  aasnmption). 

>  Raetia  14, 15,  20, 16. 

iProt.  III.  88,  n.  640;  IQR.  IIL  1480. 

«Seh.  1.715,  n.l. 

»Pro«.  III.  153,  n.  19. 


ADMINISTRATION   OF   NORIOUM   AND    RAETIA 


191 


20. 

Caracalla  213 

0.    OOTAVIU8   APP(lU8)    SUETRIUS   SABINUS* 

X.  5398  (Aquinum):  C.  Octavio  App.  S[ue]trio  Sabino  c.  v.,  po[n]tif. 
et  auguri,  cos.  ordin[ar.]  (214  a.  d.),  legato  Aug.  pr.  pr.  Pannon.  i[nf.] 
(217  A.  D.),  elect,  ad  corrig.  statum  Ita[l.],  praef .  aliment.,  iudici  ex  dele[g.] 
cognition.  Caesarian.,  legato  [Aug.]  pr.  pr.  prov.  Raet.,  praeposit. 
vexi[ll.]  Germ,  expedit.,  comit.  Aug.  n.  (213  a.  d.),*  legat.  l[eg.  II]  et  vicen- 
sim.  pr[im]ig., praet.  de  liberalib.  causis . 

Cf.  X.  5178  (Casinum). 

The  command  in  Germany  and  the  legateship  in  Raetia  were 
undoubtedly  contemporaneous. 


Gordian 


21. 


PETRONIUS    POLIANUS 


238/244 


III.  1017  (Apulum):  Genio  Imp.  Gk>rdiani  p.  [f.]  invict.*  Aug.  Petronius 
Polianus  v.  c,  leg.  leg.  XIII  [g.]  Gord.,  leg.  Aug.  [pr.  p]r.  Raet.,  i[te]m 
Belgicae.* 


22. 


Probably  246/249,  251/255 


Philip,  Trebonian,  or  Valerian 

OLUS  TEBENTIUS  PUDENS  UTTEDIANUS 

III.  993  (Apulum):  Caelesti^  Augustae  et  Aesculapio*  Augusto  et 
genio  Carthaginis  et  genio  Daciarum,  Olus  Terentius  Pudens  Uttedianus, 
leg.  Augg.  leg.  XIII  gem.,*  leg.  Augg.  pro  praet.  [pr]ovinciae  Retiae. 

The  date,  from  the  similarity  to  III.  1017  (Raetia  21),  also 
from  Apulum,  is  likely  to  be  of  about  the  same  period;  Augg. 

1  EE.  I,  pp.  190  fiF.;  Sch.  I.  750,  n.  3;  Pros.  II.  425,  n.  19;  to  the  references  there  ffiTen 
add  OIL.  VI.  31S38»;  31633;  XV.  4097;  7546. 

3  Sch.  L  743,  D.  5;  744. 

»  Pro».  III.  29,  n.  217 ;  Juug,  Doc.  p.  60.  ♦  PW.  I.  2623. 

s  Liebenam's  date  "  am  235 "  ( Verw.  p.  354)  coDtradicts  his  remark  (p.  80)  "  dann  Legat 
in  Raetien  und  Belgica  untnr  Oordian."  Legio  XIII  gemina  was  not  stationed  in  Britain 
(no  inscriptions  of  this  legion  found  in  Britain  are  indexed  in  the  Corpus  or  the  EphemerU 
epigraphica)  but  in  Dacta,  see,  for  example,  CIL.  III.  990,  1125  from  Apulum  during  the 
reign  of  Gk>rdian. 

•  Pros.  III.  308,  n.  65.  ^  Eckhel,  VII,  p.  183. 

8  Possibly  inyoked  in  reference  to  the  plague  of  251  a.  d.T    See  Sch.  1. 809,  n.  2. 

*  Legio  XIII  gemina  is  honored  on  the  coins  of  Dacia.  247-255  A.  D. ;  Cohen,  V,  pp.  110, 
152, 172, 199,  221,  233,  280,  294,  472. 


192 


STUDIES   IN   0LAS8I0AL    PHILOLOGT 


points  therefore  either  to  246/249  or  251/260;*  a  dedication  genio 
Daciamm  is  hardly  likely,  however,  after  the  loss  of  the  province 
in  256. 

DUCES  LIMITIS  RAETICI.' 

23. 
Trebonian  258 

P.    LICINIUS   VALERIANUS* 

Eutrop.  ix.  7:  hinc  Licinius  Valerianus  in  Raetia  et  Norico*  agens 
ab  exercitu  imperator  et  mox  Augustus  est  factus. 

Aurel.  Vict,  de  Caes.  32:  at  milites,  qui  contracti  undique  apud 
Raetias  ob  instans  beUum  morabantur,'  Licinio  Valeriano  imperium 
deferunt. 

24. 

Valerian  258 

FULVIUS   B0IU8* 

Script.  Aurelian.  13.1:    cum  consedisset  Valerianus  Augustus  in 

thermis  apud  Byzantium,  praesente et  Fulvio  Boio  duce  Retici 

limitis . 


Oallienus 


25. 
AUBEOLUS' 


267 


Aurel.  Vict,  de  Caes.  33:  namque  Aureolus,  cum  per  Raetias  legioni- 
bus'  praeesset,  excitus,  uti  mos  est,  socordia  tam  ig^avi  ducis,  sumpto 
imperio  Romam  conteudebat. 

CIL.  III.  11999  (tegula;  Erling,  Raetia):  Aureolus. 

1  It  i»  hard  to  see  why  Liebenam  ( Verto.  p.  353)  says :  "  In  den  beiden  Augusti  sind  wohl 
Marc  Aurel  ond  Veras  za  erkennen  "  (168/169  would  be  the  only  possible  years,  for  Raetia 
in  166  and  afterwards  was  still  a  procure torial  province,  cf.  Baetia  9, 10).  With  equal  posi- 
tiyeness,  Jung,  Dae.  pp.  58  f.  (cf.  Vaschide,  p.  89),  concludes:  "Wohl  aus  der  Zeit  des 
Septimius  Seyerus  und  des  Caracalla,"  and  Planta,  p.  161,  n.  3:  "am  wahrscheinlichaten 
nnter  Diocletian.** 

30hl.  8itz.  p.  228 ;  Prog.  p.  28 ;  Lieb.  Verto.  p.  354,  n.  1 ;  Arnold,  p.  46;  Franziss,  p.  86. 

3  Pros.  II.  286,  n.  178.  The  exact  title  borne  is  a  matter  of  inference  merely ;  Valerian 
and  Aureolus  seem,  however,  to  have  exercised  a  military  command  of  somewhat  more 
general  character  than  that  of  the  leg.  leg.  Ill  Ital.  and  accordingly  are  placed  here  rather 
than  in  the  preceding  list.    But  see  p.  169. 

*lt  Valerian  really  operated  in  Noricum,  that  fact  in  itself  is  an  evidence  of  the 
unsettled  state  of  affairs,  for  under  ordinary  circumstances  the  administration  of  the 
provinces  was  quite  distinct ;  cf.  p.  173,  n.  7. 

*  Soldiers  of  leg.  Ill  Aug.  were  among  them ;  see  p.  211. 

*  Sch.  I.  819;  Pro».  II.  92,  n.  362. 

TSch.  I.  840;  845,  n.  6;  Pro§.  I.  219,  n.  1338;  PW.  II.  2545  f. 

*  Logic  III  Italica  is  the  only  one  known  to  have  been  in  Baetia  at  this  time ;  cf .  p.  211. 


ADMINISTRATION   OF   NOBIOUM    AND    BAETIA 


193 


According  to  another  tradition,  Aureolus  revolted  after  reaching 
Italy. 

Zos.  i.  40:  -  -  -  AyycAAcTot  TaXXnjv^  nS  wpos  'S^vOa^  iyKoprepovvri 
iroXc/uup  Tov  T^  imnv  iraxrrf^  "^yovfuvov  AvpioXov,  cv  McS(oAav<p  ry  iroXci  rrp^ 
iirlrrjv*lTaX,tav  TrdpoSov  HoaTovfjuov  T€Tayfi€vov  iropa^vXaTTcii',  cis  to  vcoircpti^civ 
TtTpd<f>Oai  Kou  fivaxrOai  rrjv  rwv  oX(uv  ^X^v  cavrw. 


Aurelian 

BONOSUS* 

Script.  Bonos.  14.  2: dux  limitis  Retici  fuit. 


270/275 


PRAESIDES  PROVINCIAE  RAETIAE.' 

27. 

Diocletian  290 

sept(imius)  [valeJntio' 

CIL.  III.  5810  (Augusta,  290  a.  d.): Sept.  [Vale]ntio  v.  p.  p.  p. 

R. . 

The  next  four  praesides  (28-31)  belong  in  the  period  between 
the  reforms  of  Diocletian  and  the  division  of  Raetia  in  the  fourth 
century.* 

28. 

AUBELIUS    MUOIANUS' 

III.  5785  (Augusta):  [Her]culi  statuam  cum  base  Aurelius  Mucianus 
V.  p.  p.  p.  R.  pro  salute  sua  suorumque  omnium  [po]suit  curante  .... 
Gerontio  .... 

29. 

VALEBIUS    VENUSTU8* 

III.  5862  (Zwiefalten):  deo  invicto  soli  templum  a  solo  restituit 
Valerius  Venustus  v.  p.  p.  p.  R. 

30. 


III.  5788  (Augusta):   [I.]  O.  M.  [aet]emo  [con]servatori  [ceterisque 

dis]  deabusque  [hui]us  loci p.  p.  Retie  [votjo  cum  suis  [om]nibu8 

[susc.]  Ill  Nonas  .... 

»  Sch.  I.  880;  Proa.  I.  289,  n.  120;  PW.  III.  718f. 

SQhl.  Sitz.pp.  229  f.;  Prog.  p.  29;  Marq.  I.  289,  n.  6;  Arnold,  p.  45. 

»  CIL.  VI.  1125.  *  P.  160,  n.  12.       6  Pros.  I.  210,  n.  1277.  •  Pro».  III.  879,  n.  IBl. 


194 


STUDIES   IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


31. 


III.  14370''  (Castra  Regina):  ....  v.  [p.]  p.  p.  R.  [et]  Secundinus 
praef .  leg.  eiusdem. 

Sttnunary  of  tli«  GoTeraors  of  Raetia. 
Emperor  and  Data  PR<VEFECTI 

Augustus  or  Tiberius 
1.        Before  19  Sex.  Pedius  Lusianus  Himitus 


Vitellius 

PROCURATOIIR.S 

2. 

69 
Domitian  or  Nerva 

Porcius  Septimius 

3. 

92  or  soon  after 
Trajan 

C.  Velius  Rufus 

4. 

107 
Antoninus  Pius 

Ti.  Julius  Aquilinus 

5. 

Probably  before  1 65 

Latin.  Pi  .  .                         (=Noricum  8) 

6. 

153/161 

T.  Varius  Clemens 

7. 

Not  later  than  Pius 
Pius  or  M.  Aurelius 

L.  Tit[ulenu8  ?] 

8. 

Before  168 
M.  Aurelius 

Sex.  Baius  Pudens             (=Noricum  23) 

9. 

166 

T.  Desticius  Sevenis 

10. 

167/169 
M.  Aurelius  or  later 

Q.  Caicilius  Cisiacus  Septicius 
Pica  Caicilianus 
LEGATI 

11. 

Appius  CI.  Lateranus 

12. 

[Caerellius] 

Marcus,  Commodus,  or 

Septimius  Severus 

■  • 

13. 

167/200  circ. 
M.  Aurelius- 

Commodus 

14. 

179-180 
Commodus 

M.  Helvius  [Cle]men8  Dextrianus 

15. 

181 

Spicius  Cerialis 

16. 

183/185 
Commodus,  Elagaba- 
lus,  or  Alexander 

[Cerijalis  or  [Feti]ali8 

17. 

Probably   182/192, 
218/234 

[Aelius  ?  Diojnysius 

ADMINISTRATION   OF    NORICUM    AND    RAETIA 


195 


Emperor  and  Date 

LEGATI 

Septimius  Sevenis 

18. 

197 

P.  Porcius  Optatus  Flamma 

19. 

198/209 
Caracalla 

Sabi[nus] 

20. 

213 
Gordian 

C.  Octavius  App.  Suetrius  Sa 

21. 

238/244 

Petronius  Polianus 

Philip,  Trebonian,  or 

Valerian 

22, 

Probably 
251/255 

Trebonian 

246/249, 

Olufl  Terentius  Pudens  Uttec 

DUCES  LIMITIS  RAETICI 

28. 

253 

Valerian 

P.  Licinius  Valerianus 

24. 

258 

GallienuH 

Fulvius  Boius 

25. 

267 
Aurelian 

Aureolus 

26. 

270/275 
Diocletian 

Bonosus 

PRAESIDES 

27. 

290 

Sept.  [Valejntio 

Diocletian  or 

later 

28. 

Aurelius  Mucianus 

29. 

Valerius  Venustus 

do. 

81. 

PART  II.     THE  ARMY. 


I.   The  Legions  of  Noricum. 

LEGIO  ir  ITALICA:    HISTORY.' 

Formation  and  early  history. — The  second  legion,  which 
eventually  garrisoned  Noricum,  was  levied  by  M.  Aurelius*  in 
northern  Italy,'  immediately  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Marcomannic 
war  became  imminent.  The  draft,  which  was  put  in  charge  of 
M.  Claudius  Fronto,  was  ordered  in  165  or  16G  and  was  presum- 
ably completed  in  about  two  years.*  In  170  A.  D.  a  detachment 
commanded  by  a  centurion  of  legioIITraiaua  helped  strengthen  the 
walls  of  Salonae  in  Dalmatia."*  The  legion  arrived  in  Noricum 
probably  not  later  than  171/174  A.  D.,*  and  remained  there  per- 
manently.    Mommsen^s  view^  that  it  was  sent  for  a  time  to  Pan- 

1  The  best  account  is  by  Caffnat,  DS.  III.  1078. 

3Dio,  W.  24.  4;  cf.  Script.  M.  Aur.  14. 6;  Ver.  9. 10. 

STbis  is  shown  by  the  name  Italica,  and  by  the  fact  that  several  officers  and  soldiers  of 
the  early  period  are  known  whose  homes  were  in  that  region :  in  Ameria,  CIL.  XI.  4371 ;  Der- 
tona,  VI.  1696;  Firm  am,  III.  15208;  Ocricolnm,  XI.  M65;  Terrentum,  IX.  2598;  see  pp.  199, 
178, 202,  201 ;  Arnold,  p.  89. 

«  On  CIL.  VI.  1377, 31040 ;  III.  1457,  which  give  the  complete  cnrsns  of  II.  Clandins  Fronto, 
Me  Dessau,  1097  f. ;  Pro».  I.  373,  n.  099;  PW.  III.  2722,  n.  157.  After  holding  two  important 
oommands  in  the  Armenian  and  Parthian  war  of  162-165/6  but  before  receiving  the  dona 
militaria  at  the  triumph  of  166,  Fronto  was  made  consul  and  curator  opera m  publicomm, 
and  was  detailed  for  recruiting  service  in  Italy  {CIL.  VI.  1377, 1. 14 :  miss^)  ad  iuventdtem  per 
Italiam  legendam;  cf.  DS.  II.  219).  Certainly  this  can  refer  to  nothing  but  the  levy  of  the 
second  and  third  Italic  legions.  Fronto  was  relieved  from  his  duties  as  dilectator  in  Italy 
in  time  to  hold  two  other  offices  before  the  death  of  Verus  in  169.  The  alarm  caused  by  the 
siege  of  Aquileia  would  naturally  hasten  all  preparations  for  defense. 

^CIL.  III.  1980. 

«  Van  der  Weerd,  MB.  VII.  101-103,  using  CIL.  IX.  2593  (p.  201,  n.  5),  shows  that  the  soldier 
there  named  enlisted  in  legio  II  Italica  in  the  original  levy  and  served  in  Noricum  at  Aelia 
Ovilava,  dying  at  the  age  of  twenty-three;  hence,  if  he  enlisted  aged  eighteen  to  twenty,  the 
legion  had  reached  Noricum  by  171/174.  But  enlistment  of  legionaries  earlier  or  later  than 
the  age  given  is  fairly  common  (e.  g.,  at  fourteen.  III.  3538;  at  fifteen,  XIII.  6886;  at  sixteen, 
ni.  12440;  XIII.  68.'^;  at  seventeen,  XI.  4065;  Dessau,  2281;  2341;  2348;  at  twenty-two.  III. 
5060;  Dessau,  2252;  2258 ;  2265 ;  2314 ;  2329;  2352;  2422;  at  twenty-three,  Dessau,  2245;  2284;  2319; 
older  than  twenty-three.  III.  48.57;  XIU.6943;  Dessau,  2257;  2270;  2273;  cf.  DS.  II.  221),  and 
would  be  unusually  frequent  at  such  a  time  of  peril  as  166/169.  The  arrival  of  the  legion  may 
possibly,  therefore,  have  been  as  early  as  168/170  or  as  late  as  175/171.  It  was  presumably 
later  than  167/109,  the  date  of  the  last  procurator  of  Baetia. 

7C/I..IU.  1980,  note. 

196 


ADMINISTRATION   OP   NOBIGUM    AND    BAETIA 


197 


nonia  does  not  seem  very  likely;  there  is  nothing  to  support  it* 
except  the  fact  that  Pannonia  was  Marcus's  headquarters,"  while  on 
the  other  hand  the  attack  of  162'  and  the  invasion  of  167/169  had 
recently  shown  that  the  upper  Danube  frontier  and  the  roads  lead- 
ing south  through  Noricum  and  Raetia  needed  guarding,  and  that 
a  procuratorial  form  of  government  was  no  longer  adequate.* 

Name  and  titles. — In  170  A.  d.  the  legion  bore  the  name 
II  pia/  which  was  still  in  use  as  late  as  191  A.  d.  ;*  legio  II  Italica 
was,  however,  the  common  designation  throughout  its  history.^ 
In  193  the  legion  was  honored  on  the  silver  coinage  of  Septimius 
Severus,*  whose  assumption  of  the  imperial  power  in  the  spring  of 
that  year  it  had  undoubtedly  supported;*  before  April  11,  200,  it 
had  received  from  him  the  title  fidelis.*"  Antoniniana  was  added 
under  Caracalla,"  dropped  after  his  death  (April  8,  217),*'  and 
resumed  under  Elagabalus."  During  the  reign  of  Alexander 
Severus,  the  cognomen  Severiana  was  used.**  June  23,  238,  alle- 
giance to  Gordian  III  was  declared  by  a  votive  offering  in  the 
name  of  a  bf.  cos.  leg.  II  Ital.  p.  f.  Aug.  n.**  It  is  therefore 
perhaps  a  mere  accident  that  no  instance  of  the  name  Gordiana 

t  Pertinaz's  defense  of  Noricum  and  Raetia  by  means  of  leg.  I  (adi.)  {Script.  Pert. 
2. 6,  cf.  Dio,  Ixxi.  3.  2:  perhaps  in  172,  see  Sch.  I.  647)  does  not  necessarily  imply  that  the 
provinces  had  not  yet  received  their  own  legions.    CIL.  Ill,  p.  707. 

2  Dio,  Ixxi.  3. 1;  Eutrop.  viii.  13.  1;  Hieron.  Chron.  Euneb.  a.  Abr.  2194;  Oros.  vii.  15.  6. 
Pannonia  continued  to  be  the  headquarters  in  the  German  wars  even  after  the  date  when 
legio  II  Italica  is  known  positively  to  have  been  in  Noricum. 

3  Sch.  I.  638  and  n.  4.  4  Raetia  10;  Sch.  I.  642-645. 

s  CIL.  ni.  1980  =  Dessau,  2287,  where  see  note.  •  HI.  15208. 

^  Dio,  Iv.  24.  4;  CIL.  VI.  3492;  IH,  patsim;  III.  5567  (182  A.  D.  or  soon  after)  is  perhaps 
the  earliest  instance. 

8  Cohen,  IV,  p.  31,  n.  261;  Jung,  ROm.  p.  36,  n.  1. 

•  P.  178,  n.  3;  Herodian,  ii.  9, 10. 

i^CIL.  XI.  1322;  probably  before  his  departure  for  the  East  in  the  autumn  of  197  (Sch. 
I.  719,  n.  1). 

11  CIL.  III.  5185  and  11482  (215  A.  D.) ;  perhaps  not  assumed  at  the  beginning  of  Caracalla'a 
sole  reign,  for  it  does  not  appear  in  III.  5187  (Dec.  13,  211),  although  the  inscriptions  of 
beneficiarii  are  usually  accurate  and  complete. 

"III.  5189  (217  A.  D.). 

1*111.  5580 (May  15, 219).  Antoniniana  occurs  also  in  the  following  undated  inscriptions: 
III.  4862;  5757  (teg.). 

uni.  5575  (May  15,  226);  3270  (226  A.  D.);  5690  (May  15,  230);  undated,  5449;  p.  1046  ad 
n.  4791,  p.  1813;  5663, 11806. 

1%  III.  4820  (Virunum).  This  inscription  is  used  to  fix  the  date  of  Gordian's  accession; 
cf.  PW.  I.  2621  ff.    In  CIL.  Ill,  p.  2438  the  date  is  wrongly  given  as  June  24. 


198 


STUDIES    IN   CLASSICAL   PHILOLOOT 


occurs/  The  titles  pia  fidelis  were  renewed  by  Valerian  and 
Gallienus  in  253'  and  at  intervals  thereafter;  LEG.  II.  ITAL. 
VI.  P.  VI.  F.'  and  LEG.  IL  ITAL.  VIL  P.  VIL  F.*  appear  on 
the  bronze  legionary  coinage  of  Gallienus. 

Stations. — One  of  the  most  important  duties  of  the  legion  was 
to  guard  and  keep  in  repair  the  road  leading  east  through  Celeia 
to  Poetovio  in  Pannonia  superior,  which  formed  the  main  line  of 
communication  between  Italy  and  the  Lower  Danubian  provinces.* 
Accordingly,  bricks  made  by  the  legion  have  been  found  in  large 
numbers  near  Celeia,  and  all  the  way  from  that  city  to  Atrans.* 

The  main  camp  of  the  legion  at  Lauriacum  was  occupied  from 
191  A.  D.  at  the  latest  until  Noricum  ripense  was  abandoned  in 
the  fifth  century;'  in  the  fourth  century,  at  least,  it  had  a  shield 
factory  (fabrica  scutaria),*  and  served  as  headquarters  for  a  fleet,* 
and  for  auxiliaries." 

Ovilava,  twenty -six  miles  west  and  south  of  Lauriacum,  at  the 
junction-point  of  roads  leading  to  Raetia  and  to  the  southeast,  was 
garrisoned  for  a  short  time  in  the  early  history  of  the  legion ;"  later 
it  was  deserted  in  favor  of  loviacum  "  and  Lentia '"  on  the  Danube. 

1  Cf .  p.  206  and  n.  2. 

3  Valerian  had  good  reason  to  honor  the  legions  of  the  Upper  Danube ;  see  Raetia  23. 

'Cohen,  V,  p.  .'»8,  nn.  471-474;  Eckhel,  VII,  p.  402  (symbols:  the  wolf  suckling  Romnlos 
and  Remus;  a  Capricorn;  cf.  DS.  III.  1074 f.).     The  earlier  renewals  are  inferred  from 

inscriptions  of  other  legions.    CIL.  VIII.  2482, 17976  (Qemellae,  Oct.  22,  253) : l(egionis) 

[III  Aug.  II   p.  V.  rejstitutae ;  VIII.  2852,  p.  954  (Lambaesis) : leg.  Ill  Aug.  11 

pi[ae  II  vindicis] (DS.  III.  1079);  CIL.  III.  875  (Potaissa,  253/260  A.D.): leg.  V. 

Mae.  Ill  piae  fidelis ;  III.  3521  (Aqnincum,  270  a.  d.)  : leg.  II  adi.  VI  p.  VI  f. . 

(But  cf.  Eckhel,  VII,  p.  404;  Cohen,  V,  p.  388,  n.  469.) 

« Cohen,  V,  p.  388,  n.  477;  Eckhel,  VII,  p.  402  (symbol:  a  stork). 

6P.  165,  n.  4;  work  was  done  on  this  road  as  late  as  367  A.  D.  {CIL.  III.  5740). 

•  III.  5757/,  0,p;  U848a-d;  11850;  11851;  14369^. 

Tttin.  Ant.  p.  115;  Tab.Peut.  TV  a:  Elegio  (7) ;  Kot.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxiv.  39;  tegulae  from 
this  neighborhood:  CIL.  III.  5757;  pp.  963 f.,  nn.  11, 13, 17, 18;  p.  1059;  11849;  ia>35f. ;  p.  2287; 
p.  2828 w  (cf.  5757  t',  x) ;  inscriptions  from  members  of  leg.  II  Ital.:  III.  11822-24;  15208  (191 
A.  D.);  15206>  (cf.  p.  180).  The  site  may  have  been  occupied  eyen  before  the  arrival  of  the 
legion:  III.  11826  (about  158  A.  D.;  cf.  Noricum  9,  p.  174).  Work  was  done  on  the  roads 
passing  through  Lauriacum  from  195  till  after  the  middle  of  the  third  century  (p.  165,  n.  4). 

The  later  parts  of  Der  rOmUche  Lime*  in  Oetterreich,  Vienna,  1900-  will  give  valuable 
information  about  the  fortifications  along  the  Danube. 

•  Not.  Dign.  Oee.  ix.  21.  »  P.  221.  w P.  214 ;  ef .  CIL.  III.  11872  (teg. )  (t). 

11 IX.  2503  (p.  196,  n.  6) ;  III,  p.  232850  (teg.) ;  Oyilava  is  not  mentioned  in  the  Notitia 
dtgnitaium. 

W  P.  221 ;  in.  5757  6,  m  (teg.).  la Not.  Diifn.  Oee.  xxxiv.  38;  CIL.  111.  5688. 


ADMINISTRATION   OF    NOBIOUM    AND    RAETIA 


199 


Bricks  of  leg.  II  Ital.  dating  from  the  period  when  parts  of 
Noricum  and  Pannonia  were  united  under  one  dux,  are  common 
in  Pannonia  superior  near  Carnuntum  and  Vindobona.* 

In  the  fourth  century  a  part  of  the  legion  was  in  Africa,* 
another  detachment  at  DivitJa  on  the  Lower  Rhine."  No  other 
stations  are  known.* 

Active  service. —  An  expedition  against  the  Daci^  and  a  war 
with  the  Goths*  are  known  from  epitaphs  but  cannot  be  dated.' 
For  the  rest,  the  inscriptions  of  Noricum  give  no  information." 


LEGIO  II  ITALICA:  OFFICERS  AND  SOLDIERS.' 

HIGHER   OFFICERS 


Leoati  Legionis 
Duces  Limitanei 
Prabfecti  '** 

P.Vibius  P.  f .  Marianus^' 
Tribdni 

Maccius  Severinus 

Sex.  Ticiasenus  Sex.  f. 
Sex.  n.  Sex.  pron.  Clu. 
Allianus 

[in.  5667] 


See  Noricum  25-33 
See  Noricum  34-36 

VL1636 

XII.  1356  (Vasio) 
XI.  4371  (Amerfa) 


1  Noricum  36.  a  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  vii.  144  =  v.  86  =  235. 

8C7L.  XL  4787;  VI.  3637;  see  PW.  V.  1238  f.;  CIL.  XIII.  6814;  7054,  7750  f.;  7761. 

< Isolated  bricks  found  elsewhere  are  undoubtedly  chance  importations:  III.  10662 
(Pann.  inf.) ;  11849  e  (Mautern);  cf.  p.  205.  Glandes  of  this  legion  are  spurious:  11.  656;  IX. 
667»  f. ;  BE.  VI,  pp.  88flf.    On  CIL.  III.  4850  (Virunum),  see  III,  p.  597. 

6  III.  4857;  5218.  «III.  11700. 

">  III.  4835;  4850  (cf.  5234)  also  are  the  epitaphs  of  soldiers  slain  in  war.  III.  3270  (Teuto> 
bnrginm,  Pann.  inf.,  226  A.  D.)  and  lOR.  I.  678  (Thrace,  north  of  Serdica)  probably  show 
that  the  legion  took  part  in  some  Eastern  expedition. 

«P.  165,  n.  4. 

*The  offices  are  arranged  approximately  in  the  order  of  rank,  the  officers  alphabetically 
except  in  the  list  of  beneficiarii  consularis  (pp.  200  f.),  which  is  in  chronological  order.  The 
numbers  within  brackets  which  are  appended  to  several  of  the  lists  refer  to  inscriptions 
containing  no  indication  of  the  troop  to  which  the  soldier  belonged.  They  are  included 
here  because  of  the  slight  presumption  that  the  legion  stationed  in  the  province  is  meant 
when  no  other  is  named. 

lOJVot.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxiv.  37-39. 

11 D.  m.  s.  P.  Vibi  P.  f.  Mariani  e.  m.  v.,  proc.  et  praesidi  prov.  Sardiniae,  p.  p.  bis,  trib. 
oohh.  X  pr.,  XI  urb.,  IIII  vig.,  praef.  leg.  II  Ital.,  p.  p.  leg.  Ill  Qall.,  7  frument.,  oriundo  ex 

Ital.  lul.  Dertona, ;  it  is  not  clear  why  a  date  under  Septimius  Severus  is  assigned 

(Loeb.  Quae$tt.  p.  76).    EE.  I,  p.  99,  n.  28;  Prot.  III.  422,  n.  387. 


200 


STUDIES   IN   0LA8SIGAL    PHILOLOOT 


Pbimipilabes' 
Val.  CI.  Quintus* 
M.  Gavius  Firmus' 

[III.  5341] 
Obdinabii* 

Florius  Baudio' 
Centdbiones 

[M.  Petronius  Fortuna- 
tus]« 

Satuminus  ^ 

L.  Sep[t.  T]ertinu[8]» 

nius  [Projculus* 

[III.  5582,  p.  1839] 


OBNTUBIONS 


Sept.  18,  191 


Under  Severus 
or  Caracalla 

Septimius  Se- 
verus or  later 


III.  4855  (Virunum) 
III.  15208  (Lauriacum) 
III.  11824  [Lauriacum] 


XI.  4787  (Spoletium) 

VIII.  217  (Mausoleum 

Petroniorum) 
VIII.  17626  (Vazaivi) 
III.  5300  (Kerechbach) 

III.  4861  (Virunum) 


>i« 


PBINGIPALES:    SERVING    UNDEB    A    PBAEP08ITU8' 
BbNEFIOIABII  CoNSU  LABIS  "•  " 

Rufi.  Senilis  M.  Aurelius  or      III.  5188  (Celeia)" 

Commodus" 
M.  Ulpius  Acilianus  M.  Aurelius  or     III.  5180  (Celeia) 

Com  modus" 

•  MadTiflT,  Vtrf.  u.  Verto.  d.  rom.  Staaten,  II.  565. 

3 ''pp.  leg.  II  Ital.,  duci  leg.  Ill  Ital.,  duci  et  praep.  leg.  Ill  ATig."    Cf.  p.  201. 

»  See  Noricnm  28.  4  EE.  IV,  pp.  239  f . 

*"Tiro  ducenario,  protector!  ex  ordinario  leg.  II  Ital.  DiTit."  Cf.  p.  199,  n.  S;  Marq.  II. 
609  ff. ;  EE.  V,  p.  122,  n.  14. 

>Lieb.  Quaestt.  p.  17. 

T"  [bf.]  leg.  Ill  Aa[g.  exjpleta  [sjtatlone  pr[olinotus  ad  [7]  leg.  II  Italieae.'* 

•The  rank  (7)  is  restored.  

9  OIL.  III.  4861:  ....  nius  [Prolculus  7  l[eg.]  II  Italic,  fr.  Fr.  at  the  end  of  this 
inscription  is  explained  fr(atri)  in  the  note,  fr(umentarius)  in  the  index,  p.  2475.  Cf.  p.  2t& 
and  n.  12. 

lO^^.rV,  pp.  581-537. 

» It  is  generally  stated,  as  by  Caner,  EE.  IV,  pp.  379,  385 ;  Marg.  II.  549,  n.  7,  that  co(n)- 
■(nlaris)  in  this  title  (and  by  implication,  therefore,  in  str.  cos.,  libr.  cos.,  etc.)  designates 
the  holder  as  the  assistant  of  a  man  of  consular  rank.  The  lists  here  given  are  enough  to 
show  that  in  the  less  important  provinces  the  original  meaning  of  the  terms  had  been 
extended  to  include  the  helpers  of  the  legatus  pro  praetore,  regardless  of  his  rank,  which  in 
Noricum  and  Raetia  was  praetorian  or  less  (p.  168). 

13 The  following  names  (with  the  exception  of  the  fourth  and  the  last)  are  learned  from 
a  series  of  dedications  to  I.  O.  M.,  often  with  the  addition  of  dds)  d(eabu8),  the  imperial 
house,  or  a  local  deity  (Celeia,  Noreia,  or  Bedaius).  See  pp.  166, 182  f.  on  similar  inscriptions 
by  beneflciarii  of  procurators. 

IS  This  inscription  and  that  of  P.  Aelius  Verinus  below,  to  judge  from  the  place  of  find- 
ing, the  dedications  to  local  deities  (Celeia  and  Noreia),  and  the  similarity  in  form  toothers 
of  the  series,  surely  belong  to  the  legion  stationed  in  Noricum. 

14  From  the  circumstances  of  finding  and  the  simple  form,  the  date  is  quite  certainly 
early,  i.  e.,  before  the  cognomen  pia  fldelis  was  given  by  Septimius  Severus  (p.  197). 


ADMINISTBATION    OF   NOBIOUM    AND    EAETIA 


201 


Benefioiabii  Consulabis 

Q.  Sextius  Pullaenius 

1 

C.  Aemil.  Respectus 

C.  Licinius  Bellicianus 
P.  Aelius  Verinus 
Vib.  Cassius  Victorinus 
Re8titutiu[s  T]utor 
M.  Aurel.  lustus 
Tul.  luvenis 
Vind.  Verus 
C.  Oppius  Bebius 
M.  Rusticus  P.  [f.  I]uni- 
anus 


192 
After  205 (?) 
May  15,  209 

Dec.  13,  211 

213 

215 

215 

217 
May  15,  219 
May  15,  226 

226 
May  15,  230 

June  23,  238 
Date  unknown 


....  ius    Qui[nti]l[i]a" 

n[u]s 
[III.  4776;  4860;  5072;  5631;  14366,] 

Benefioiabii  Pbaefeoti  Lbgionis' 
lul.  Apricius  Septimius  Se- 

verus  or  later 
Benefioiabii  Tbibdni* 

P.   Florius    P.  fil.  Vol.      M.  Aurelius 
Praenestinus* 

Benefioiabu  * 
[III.  4771,  11496;  4833;  4852;  5160;  5221; 

Stbatobes  Consulabis^' ■ 
M.  Aurel.  Sa[lvi]anus* 


III.  5178  (Celeia) 

III.  5537  (luvavum) 

III.  14361  (S.  Leonhard 

near  Villach) 
III.  5187  (Celeia) 
III.  5154  (Celeia)* 
III.  5185  (Celeia) 
III.  11482  (UnterthOrl) 
III.  5189  (Celeia) 
III.  5580  (Bedaium) 
III.  5575  (Bedaium) 
III.  3270  (Teutoburgium) 
III.  5690  (Boiodurum) 

III.  4820  (Virunum) 
III.  11676  (Atrans) 


M.  Aurelius  Secundinus 

Libbabii  Consulabis  *•  *® 
C.Tocemius  Maximianus 
[III.  5435;  5631] 


Under  Alexan- 
der Severus 


III.  5671  (Fafiana) 
IX.  2593  (Terventum) 

5517;  11524] 

III.  5449  (Semriach) 
III.  4836  (Virunum) 

V.  375  (Neapolis) 


1  Cf .  Noricum  29.  a  Cf .  p.  200,  n.  IS. 

»  EE.  IV,  p.  398 ;  I,  pp.  81  ff .  4  eE.  TV,  p.  395. 

»  D.  m.  8.  P.  Florio  P.  fll.  Vol.  Praenestino,  mil.  legion,  in  Norico  Ael.  Obilab.,  b.  trib. 
vixit  annis  XXIII.  Florius  Praestinus  et  Magia  Spendi  .  .  .  fiUo  piissimCo  et  sibi]  v.  [f.]. 
P.  196,  n.  6. 

•  EE.  IV,  pp.  399  f .  7  BE.  IV,  pp.  406  ff. ;  Marq.  II.  548.  «  P.  200,  n.  11. 

•  "  vet.  leg.  II  It.  p.  f.  Severiane  e[x  st Jratore  cos." 

i^EE.  IV,  pp.  425  ff. :  Marq.  II.  550.  ; 


202 


STUDIES   IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOOT 


PBINCIPALES:     NOT    UNDEB    A    PBAEPOSITUS 


Optiones^ 

M.  Finnidiu8  Spectatus^ 

lul.  P 

Val.  Vario 
Tesserarii  * 

Aur.  Saturninus' 

SlONIFERI* 

Aurel.  I 

Terent.  Luciarius 

Val.  Genialis 
Cor(nicines)^ 

Val.  Saturnanus 
Fbumentarii  ^ 

AcciuB  Maximus 

M.  Avp.  *AX«^avSpo$ 

Aureliu8  Lucianus* 

M.  Firmidius  Spectatus  '^ 

nius  [Projculus" 

[III.  5592]" 

CUSTODKS   ArMORUm" 

SacroD.  Verinus** 
Medici  '* 
L.  Caelius  Arriamis 

DUPLARII  '• 

Aur.  Secimdian." 
Immunes'^ 
Aurelius  Ursinianus 


April  11, 200 
4th  century 


4th  century 


Apr.  11,  200 


XI.  1322  (Luna) 

III.  11823  (Lauriacum) 

XL  4787  (Spoletium) 

VI.  2672 

III.  11822  (Lauriacum) 
V.  46  (Pola) 
VL3637 

XL  4085  (Ocriculum) 

III.  4830  (Virunum) 
IGR.l.2d  =  IG.  XIV.  968 

(Rome) 
VL3340 
XL  1322  (Luna) 
III.  4861  (Virunum) 


III.  5106  (S.  Veit  near  Wal- 
V.  4367  (Brixia) 
III.  4835  (Virunum) 
III.  11816  (Fafiana) 


1  p.  200,  n.  10 ;  Marq.  II.  545.  3  ££.  IV,  pp.  441  ff . 

'See  list  of  frumentarii  below. 

*  EE.  IV,  pp.  452  ff. ;  Mispoalet,  Intl.  polU.  II.  SSL  &  P.  165,  n.  4. 

e  SB.  rV,  pp.  364  ff. ;  DS.  III.  1067.  »  EE.  IV,  pp.  376  f . 

8  EE.  IV,  pp.  455  ff. ;  Marq.  II.  491  ff. ;  DS.  II.  1S48;  R6m.  Mitt.  XX.  310  ff. 
*"frumentanis  (tic)  [in]  leffiooem  II  Itali[cam  ad]  fram[e]ntarias  [res  cnrandaaj." 
10  See  list  of  optiones  above.  >*  See  list  of  centurions,  p.  200. 

13  The  abbreviation  fr.  in  this  inscription  mi^ht  be  explained  fr(atri)  as  well  as  fr(nmen- 
tarins) ;  cf .  p.  200,  n.  9. 

IS  EE.  IV,  pp.  437  ff . ;  Marq.  II.  651.  "  "  ret.  leg.  II  Ita.,  enstoa  annor.*» 

u  Marq.  II.  554 ;  DS.  IH.  1062 ;  1688  f .  »  Marq.  II.  544 ;  DS.  II.  416. 

"  "  militi  an.  XXX  imbello  desiderato." 

i»EE.  rV,  pp.  409  ff. ;  Marq.  n.  644;  DS.  III.  415  f. 


ADMINISTRATION   OP   NOBICUM    AND    BAETIA 


203 


PRIVATE    SOLDIERS 


MlLITES^ 

Annamatus 

III.  11822  (Lauriacum) 

Aur.  Boniatus 

Under  Alexan- 

III, p.  1046   ad   n.  4791, 

der  Severus 

p.  1813  (Virunum) 

Aur.  lustinus 

III.  5218  (CJeleia) 

Aur.  lustinus 

III.  5567  (Bedaium) 

Avp.  1Vfecrrpia[vos 

IGR.  I.  678  (Thrace) 

Aurel.  Tertianus 

III.  4836  a  (Virunum) 

Aur.  Victor 

III.  11700  (CJeleia) 

[Ajurelius  .  .^to' 

V.  46  (Pola) 

Auspicatus 

III.  143692  /,  m  (Lotschitz) 

(teg.) 

Bebius  Acceptus 

Septimius  Se- 
verus or  later 

III.  4837  (Virunum) 

Exupereus 

III.  5412  (Voitsberg) 

Fabian  us 

III.  143692  n     (Lotschitz) 
(teg.) 

Firminus 

Septimius  Se- 
verus or  later 

III.  11553  (Virunum) 

Fortunatus 

III.   5757,  2;   143692  b-<i 

(Lotschitz)  (teg.) 

T.  Gallius  Euphros  [y]n. 

V.  8277  (Aquileia) 

luvenis 

III.  1436920,  p  (Lotschitz) 

(teg.) 

Lici.  Maximinus 

III.  15184«,  p.  2653  (Nori- 

• 

cum  near  Poetovio) 

Melissus 

III.   143692  q  (Lotschitz) 
(teg.) 

Nigelio 

III.  5448  (Feistritz) 

Optatus 

III.  11642  (Schratzbach) 

Patr. 

III.  5757,  3  (Trojanaberg) 

(teg.) 

Pompeianus 

III.   11851    a-c    (Heilen- 
stein);  U369^e-h  (Lot- 
schitz) (teg.) 

Quiutianus 

111.5757,4;  143692*,  ^(Lot- 
schitz);   11850  (Heilen- 
stein)  (teg.) 

Sex.  SarminuB 

Under  Alexan- 

III. 5663,  11806  (S.  Leon- 

der  Severus 

hard  am  Forst) 

>  This  list  includes  eight  names  occurrin«ron  legionary  tegulae  from  the  vicinity  of  Celeia. 
«V,  p.  1108  wrongly  givee  the  name  as  [Alnrelius  .  .goto  instead  of  [Ajurelius  .  .guto. 


204 


STUDIES    IN   OLASSIOAL    PHILOLOOT 


MiLITBS 

Severinius  Silvinus 

Valerius  Priscianus 

Vep(onius)  Qiiart[iDU8] 

Vettius  Vita[lis] 
.  .  pitus 


Under  Alexan- 
der Sevenis 

Septimius  Se- 
verus  or  later 

Septimius  Se- 
venis or  later 


Caracalla      or 
Elagabalus 


III,  p.   1046  ad  n.  4791, 

p.  1813  (Vinmum) 
III.  4866  (Virunum) 

III.  4857  (Virunum) 

III.  6614  (WeihmOrting) 
III.  6688  (Lentia) 
III.  4862  (Virunum) 


Septimius  Se- 
venis or  later 

Septimius  Se- 
venis or  later 


III.  11816  (Fafiana) 
III.  8730  (Salonae) 
III.  6409  (Stallhofen) 

III.  6624  (Lfitzlberg) 
III.  5671  (Fafiana) 

III.  4863  (Virunum) 


[III.  4733;  4841;  13529] 
Vbtebani 
Aelius  Valen[s] 
Aur.  Matemus 
M.  Aur.  Secundinus 

Messo[r]i[u]s  Matuco 
Seccius  Secundinus 

Tadius  Victor 

[III.  4831;  5064;  5142;  5218;  5219;  5335;  5339;  5520;  5631;  5670;  5692] 

LEGIO  I  NORICORUM.* 

Stations. — The  following  sites  were  garrisoned  by  legio  I 
Noricorum  daring  the  fourth  century. 

1.  Fafiana 

Not.  Dign.  Occ  xxxiv.  41:  praefectus  legionis  liburnariorum*  pri- 
morum  Noricorum,  Fafianae. 

2.    lUBNNA 

Tegulae  (found  at  Mauer-Oehling  in  Noricum*  and  also  in  Pannonia 
superior*  and  inferior*):  figulinas  luensianas  leg.  I  Nor. 

Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxiv.  40:  praefectus  legionis  primae  Noricorum 
militum  libumariorum^  cohortis  quintae  partis  superioris,  Adiuvense. 

The  single  extant  inscription  of  the  legion  was  probably  erected 

by  a  soldier  from  this  division. 

CIL.  III.  4803  (Virunum): Ulpius  Valerius  specul.*  leg.  primae 

Nor. . 

1 DS.  III.  1091.  «  p.  221.  »  CIL.  III.  11848,  p.  2328*00. 

«IU.  6489;  11349a  (Bagendorf);  p.  232842, 197  (Parbaoh;  Vienna). 
» III.  11349c  (Mitroyics).  •  BE.  IV,  pp.  459  ff. 


ADMINI6TBATION    OF   NOBIGUM   AND    BAETIA 


205 


It  is  not  possible  to  determine  from  the  presence  of  bricks  alone 
whether  or  not  a  given  point  was  occupied  by  the  legion.  The 
fact,  however,  that  tegulae  made  at  luenna  were  exported  to  such 
a  distance  as  the  eastern  borders  of  Pannonia  inferior*  makes  it 
slightly  more  probable  that  those  also  which  were  stamped  simply 
LEG  I  NOR'  were  articles  of  commerce  rather  than  of  local 
manufacture. 

OTHER  LEGIONS. 

There  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  any  other  legions  were  ever 
stationed  in  Noricum.' 


n.     The  Legions  of  Raetia. 
LEGIO  III  ITALICA :  HISTORY.* 

Formation. — Legio  III  Italica  was  formed  by  M.  Aurelius* 
in  165/169  at  the  same  time  as  legio  II  Italica;  in  170  it  fur- 
nished a  detail  for  the  repairs  at  Salonae ;'  by  179/180  it  had 
arrived  in  Raetia  and  was  engaged  in  fortifying  the  northern 
frontier.' 

Name  and  titles. — The  legion  was  at  first  known  as  III 
Concordia;*  for  a  short  time  after  its  arrival  in  Raetia  as  III 
Italica  Concordia,"  then  as  III  Italica  alone  or,  less  frequently, 

1  p.  204,  n.  5 ;   ef .  p.  199,  n.  4. 

*CIL.  III.  11847  (Mauer-Oehling);  4655a  (Schwechat,  Pann.  sup.). 

'The  following  inscriptions  mentioning  other  legions  are  not  of  such  a  nature  as  to  indi> 
eate  their  presence  in  the  province : 


leg.  I  adi. 

III 

.  4787 

leg.  X  gem.          lU 

.5156  a;  5293;  5460; 

IMin. 

."iX^ 

5486;  5510;  5702; 

II  adi. 

5044  ;.'MB1;  5417; 

149691 

5490 

XIII  gem. 

5223;  5336;  6525 

II  Aug. 

5476 

XIIII  gem. 

5S9fi;  5497 

Ill  Aug. 

4855;  5630;  11714 

XV  Ap. 

5334;  5636;  5680 

VMac. 

4859;  5190 

XX  V.  V. 

5184;  5577;  11746 

VI  ferr. 

13524 

XXI  rap. 

4840 

VI  Vict. 

11852  (teg.) 

XXII  pr. 

4848 

VII  CI. 

s?a?. 

XXX  Ulp.  V. 

5211;  5212;  5214; 

VII  gem. 

5579 

5215;  152051 

VII  vict. 

Ann.  Ep.  1904, 187 

incertae 

S-W;  11667 

VIII  Aug. 

III. 

4858;  5220 

See  VI.  S1871  (cited  on  p.  211,  n.  6). 

*D8.  III.  1080. 

6Cf.  CIL.  V. 

7865  f 

.  (p.  206,  n.  8). 

«  P.  196. 

7Baotial4,15;  cf 

.III. 

1437010  (Castra  Begina ; 

178  A.  D.  7). 

•  P.197,  n.5. 

•UI.  11989  (teg.,  Abusina).    For  the  title  feliz 

see  p.  187,  n.  6. 

206 


STUDIES   IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOGY 


with  the  addition  of  a  cognomen  derived  from  the  name  of  the 
reigning  emperor,  Antoniniana*  or  Gordiana.' 

Legionary  coins. — Like  legio  II  Italica/  the  Raetic  legion 
was  named  on  the  coinage  of  Septimius  Severus  (193  A.  D.)*  and 
of  Gallienus.* 

Stations. —  The  permanent  camp  was  at  Castra  Regina.* 
Detachments  sent  from  there  helped  fortify  and  perhaps,  in 
some  cases,  garrison  various  other  points  along  the  Danube  and 
the  limes  Raeticus,  as  Bohming,^  Abusina,*  Straubing,"  etc.'" 

A  station  at  Augusta  Vindelicum,  a  place  of  strategic  impor- 
tance because  of  its  location  at  the  junction  of  two  rivers  and 
several  roads,  seems  not  improbable.  Moreover,  bricks  have  been 
found  at  Westheim,  five  or  six  miles  west  of  the  city."  The 
inscriptions  from  Augusta  and  vicinity"  would  not  be  conclusive 
in  themselves. 

By  the  time  of  the  Notitia  dignitatum  the  northern  portion  of 
Raetia  had  been  abandoned  and  the  camp  at  Reginum  moved  to 
Vallatum;^'  other  divisions  of  the  legion,  each  under  a  praefectus, 
were  located  at  Submuntorium,  at  Cambodunum  and  in  the  neigh- 
boring country  from  Vimania  to  Cassiliacum,  and  at  Foetus  and 
Terioli.'*     Still  another  part  was  in  Illyricum.** 

1  Under  CaraoaUa  (211-217)  or  Elagabalas  (21»-222):  III.  1178;  14207*. 

''Under  Gordian  III  (238-244) :  III.  5768;  Oordiana  is  omitted  in  III.  5942  (240  A.  D.). 

»Pp.  197  f. 

4  Cohen,  IV,  p.  31,  nn.  262  f. ;  Eckhel,  VII,  p.  168. 

s Cohen,  V,  p.  389,  nn.  487-498 ;  Eckhel.  VII,  p.  402  (sjrmbols :  a  stork ;  a  bull ;  cf.  DS.  III. 
1074 f.).  VI.P.VI.F.  and  VII. P. VII. F.  are  still  more  puzzling  than  on  the  ooius  of  letf.  II 
Ital.,  because  we  have  no  knowledge  that  leg.  Ill  Ital.  was  ever  called  pia  fidelis  before  the 
time  of  Gallienus. 

•Tegulae:  CIL,  III.  6000,  pp.  1051,  2S28»3;  386*;  Ann.  Ep.  1906, 183;  milestones  giving  the 
distance  a  l(e)g(ione) :  III.  5996  (201  A.  D.) ;  5997  (196  and  215  A.  D.) ;  a  large  nnmber  of  inscrip- 
tiops  from  members  of  the  legion,  dating  from  179-180  (of.  p.  205,  n.  7)  to  the  time  of  Diocletian 
or  after  (Raetia  31) ;  Tab.  Peut.  IIIc;  Not.  Dign.  Dec.  xxxv.  17.    Cf.  CIL.  Ill,  p.  730. 

7Raetia  15.  oTegulae:  III.  6000;  11966;  11989.  VIII.  11968  (teg.). 

10 Bricks  hare  also  been  found  at  Abbach  and  Alkofen  near  Castra  Regina  (III.  6000; 
12005  (p(ia)  fl(deli8)  Y));  Lietzheim  (Y)  (6000);  Ummendorf  (p.  2828&3).  A  find  of  bricks  aa 
at  Abbach  and  Alkofen,  or  of  inscriptions  like  those  from  Lauingen-Faimingen  (5874;  5876) 
does  not  prove  even  a  temporary  occupation  by  legionaries ;  of.  Franziss,  pp.  42,  284, 293,  296, 
940,  343,  etpa»»im,  Fransiss's  statement  (p.  343)  that  bricks  of  the  third  legion  have  been 
discoTere<l  at  KOnting  (Qnintianae)  has  not  been  verified.  With  regard  to  BOhming  and 
Pfftnz,  see  Allen,  pp.  359  f. 

"lU.  6000,  11967.  IS  III.  5793  (of.  Raetia  11);  5812;  5814;  5816-5818;  5823. 

1*  Not.  Diffn.  Occ.  xxzt.  17.  >«  Ibid.  xxxv.  18, 19, 21,  22.  » Ibid.  t.  88  =  237  =  vii.  5S. 


i\ 


ADMINISTRATION   OF   NORICUM    AND    RAETIA 


207 


Active  service. — The  inscriptions  prove  that  the  third  legion 
made  a  successful  expedition  against  the  Buri,  possibly  under 
Marcus  or  Commodus,'  and  took  part  in  the  German  wars  of  197' 
and  213  a.  d.  ;'  after  the  close  of  the  latter  campaign,  some  Raetic 
soldiers  perhaps  accompanied  Caracalla  to  the  East.* 


LEGIO  III  ITALICA :  OFFICERS  AND  SOLDIERS.'^ 


HIGHER   OFFICERS 


Lboati  Leoionis 
Duces  Limitanei 
Praefecti 
Secundinus* 

Tribdni  Laticlavii 

M.  Annaeus  Saturninus 
Clodianus  Aelianus^ 
C.  lulius  Ingenuus* 


See  Raetia  11-22 
See  Raetia  23-26 

Diocletian     or     III.   14370i2    (Castra    Re- 


later 


L.  Marius  L.    f.   Quir.      Under      Com-      VI.  1450 
Maximus     Perpetuus         modus,     be- 


gina) 
VI.  1337 
V.  5032  (Tridentum) 


Aurelianus* 
Tbibdni  (Anodsticlavii)  '® 
C.  Annius  Flavianus" 

Gn.   Pompeiua  Pompe- 
ianus 

Duces'* 
Val.  CI.  Quintus" 


fore  190 

Marcus      and     VIII.  17900  (Thamugadi) 
Commodus 

VI.  3529 


III.  4855  (Virunum) 


1  OIL.  III.  5937  (near  Kelheim).    Cf.  p.  208,  n.  4;  Sch.  I.  643,  662.  a  Raetia  18 

«  Raetia  20.  4  ciL.  III.  14207  •  ( Perinthus,  Thraoe) . 

5  P.  199,  n.  9;  Arnold,  p.  62.  ftSee  Raetia  31. 

'  "  v(ir)  c(lari»simus)."    Pro$.  I.  58,  n.  456. 

»  "cdarisaimus)  i(uvenis)."    Pro».  II.  196,  n.  240. 

•*'duci  exerciti  Mysiaci  apnt  Byzantium  (195/196)  et  aput  Lugrndnnnm  (197),  leg.  leg.  I 
Italic,  cnr.  viae  Latinae,  item  reip.  FaveDtinomm,  allecto  inter  praetorios,  trib.  pleb.  can- 
didato,  quaestori  urbano,  trib.  laticl.  leg.  XXII  primig.,  item  III  Italicae."  Pros.  II.  346, 
n.  233;  Lieb.  Verw.  pp.  201  f. 

lOThat  thPBe  tribunes  were  angnsticlayii  is  seen  from  the  words  "equo  publico  "  in  the 
inscriptions  relating  to  them. 

""praefec.  oohortis  IIII  Raetorum,  donis  mUitarib.  donatus  bello  Qer[ma]nioo  11.** 
P.  223;  Proa.  I.  64,  n.  486;  PW.  1. 2265,  n.  44. 

la  P.  170  and  n.  1 ;  IH$$ert<U.  Halinen*.  IT.  406  ff . ;  DS.  III.  1052.  i>  See  p.  200. 


208 


8TUDIB8   IN   OLA88IOAL    PHILOLOOT 


Cb|(turiones' 
Ael.  Fortis' 
Q.    Eniboudius 

tanus' 
Fl.  Vetulenus* 


Mon- 


lul.  IuP?]linu8» 
C.  Managnius  Justus 
C.  Nonius  Manlianus' 
L.  Numerius  L.  f .  Felix 
M.  Ulp.  Caius* 

M.  Ulpius  Secundus' 

Ulp.  Vitalis 

[III.  5820;  15210,] 


CBNTUBION8 

181  A.  D. 

Under  M. 
Aurelius 

Perhaps  under 
Marcus  or 
Commodus 

181  A.  D. 


Caracallaor 
Elagabalus 


III.  14370a  (BOhming) 
V.  7865, 7866  (Cemenelum) 

III.  5937  (near  Kelheim) 


III.  14370j  (Bohming) 
III.  5817  (Augusta) 
VIII.  2953  (Lambaesis) 

II.  4162  (Tarraco) 

III.  1178  (Apulum) 

III.  5876  (Lauingen) 
III.  7785  (Apulum) 


PBINCIPALES:   SEBYING   UNDEB   A    PBAEPOSITUS* 

Beneficiabii  Consularis* 

Severius  Severianus**  Under    Gor-      III.  5768  (Brigantium) 

dian 
[III.  5815] 

Benefioiarii  Prabfeoti  Castrorum" 

Iul[iu8  Ca]ndidiu8  III.  5953 


1  Cf.  also  CIL.  II.  18*.  a  See  Raetia  15. 

S"Dleg.  Ill  Italieae,  ordinatns  ex  eq.  Rom.  ab  domino  Imp.  M.  Aurel.  Antonino  Aug." 
EE.  rV,  p.  240  on  n.  87. 

*"I.  O.  M.  Statori  Fl.  Vetnlenns  7  leer.  IH  Ital.  reversns  ab  expedit.  Bnrica  ex  voto 
poanit."  P.  207.  Allen,  pp.  963  f.,  giYes  this  stone  as  from  Abasina,  saying :  "It  is  significant 
that  althoagh  there  is  no  eTidenee  leading  as  to  suppose  that  legionaries  were  ever  sta- 
tioned at  this  point  [bat  ef.  p.  206,  n.  8]  the  legionary  centurion  returned  here  and 
rendered  a  vow  for  the  successful  issue  of  the  expedition  just  as  though  this  were  his  regular 
place  of  sojourn."  The  inscription,  however,  was  found  near  Kelbeim,  which  is  on  the 
Danube.  What  would  be  more  natural  than  for  the  soldier  to  pay  his  vow  on  returning  to 
the  frontier  of  the  province  in  which  he  was  serving  Y 

ACagnat,  p.  109. 

•  CIL.  m.  1201 ;  Jung,  Doc.  p.  06. 

7  There  is  no  evidence  for  the  assumption  (Allen,  p.  964)  that  an  auxiliary  corps  wai 
enoamped  at  Lauingen  in  charge  of  Ulpius ;  cf .  p.  206,  n.  10. 

*  P.  200,  n.  10.  Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the  remaining  inscriptions  listed  for  this 
legion  were  found  at  Castra  Begina. 

•P.  200,  n.  11.  !•♦•  [bf.]  cos."  »» P.  201,  n.  8. 


ADMINISTRATION    OP   NORIOUM   AND   RAETIA 


209 


CORNIODLARn  TrIBDNI  * 

M.  Aur.  Amandus 
[III.  I437O9] 

LiBRARII  CONSULARIS' 

Ti.  lulius  Aelianus* 
lul.  Amandus 

EXACTI  CONSDLARIS* 

T.  Fl.  Clemens 


III.  5974  (Mfinster) 

III.  5953 

III.  5814  (Augusta) 

III.  5812  (Augusta) 


PBINCIPALES:    NOT    UNDEB   A   PBAEPOSITUS* 

Optiones" 
[D]onatus ' 
lulius  Ouvenis''* 


lul.  Saturninus* 
Optiones  Praetori*** 

[III.  5803] 
Aqdiliferi" 

lul.  Clemen[s] 

SiGNIFERI " 

M.  Iuveni[us  .  .  .  .  ]io^' 
[M]arcellinius  Marce[lli]nus 
C.  Senilius  Pervincfus]" 

Imaginiferi  " 
[III.  13544] 

Frdmentarii  " 
T.  CI.  Severus 

Adlectus  Annonae 
C.  Valerius  C.  f.  Pap.  Marianus" 


III.  5958 

III.  5976  (Eastern  Europe 

or  Asia  Minor) 
III.  11969 


III.  5816  (Augusta) 

III.  5956 
III.  5962 
III.  5818  (Augusta) 


V.  6869  (Alpis  Poenina) 
V.  5036  (Tridentum) 


I  EE.  rV,  pp.  412  ff. ;  Marq.  II.  546;  PW.  IV.  1603  f. ;  DS.  1. 1509. 

a  P.  200,  n.  11 ;  p.  201,  n.  10.  8  "  Hbr.  [cos.]." 

*  P.  200,  n.  11 ;  EE.  IV,  pp.  431  f. ;  Marq.  II.  551 ;  DS.  II.  87S.  B  p.  20O,  n.  10. 
•Cauer,  EE.  IV,  pp.  441  ff. ;  Marq.  II.  545. 

7 Omitted  by  Cauer  {Uk.  cit),  although  indexed  in  CIL.  Ill,  p.  1140. 

*  Omitted  in  the  index  of  names  in  the  Corptu. 

»  We  know  of  no  legion  encamped  at  Castra  Regina  except  III  Italica,  which  is  men- 
tioned previously  in  this  inscription. 

10  EE.  IV,  p.  445. 

II  EE.  IV,  pp.  371  f. ;  Diz.  Ep.  I.  588.  12  p.  202,  n.  6. 
IS  This  man  was  a  veteranus  ex  signifero. 

1*  EE.  IV,  pp.  372  ff .  16  p.  202,  n.  8. 

!•  CIL.  Ill,  p.  1171 :  "  non  miles,  sed  civis  Tridentinus  equestris  dignitatis." 


'1 
I 


2l6 


8TUDIE8   IN   0LA8SI0AL   PHILOLOOT 


CUSTODES  ArMOBDM^ 

Aur.  Sabinus 

III.  6571 

Aur.  Statianus 

III.  5951 

POLLIONES  ' 

Fl.  Amabil. 

III.  5949 

TUBICINES* 

Sep.  Impetratus* 

III.  5957 

Medici  Ordinabii  * 

III.  6532 

[III.  5959] 

■ 

DUPLABU 

[III.  5909] 

Immunes* 

lul.  Cattanuft 

III.  11969 

PBIVATE   soldiers' 

MiLITES 

M.  Antoninus 

III.  6000  c  (teg.)« 

Aur.  Patruinus 

III.  6571 

Aurel.  Victorinus 

III.  11966 

Elquester  Paulus 

Caracalla  or 
Elagabalus 

III.  14207*  (Perinthus) 

Fl.  Decoratus* 

III.  5823  (Augusta) 

Fl.  Marcellinus 

III.  5950 

M(arcius)  Ursus 

III.  3309  (Sopianae) 

....  ant.  Potens* 

III.  6531 

M.  Speratus 

III.  6000  d  (teg.)« 

....  is  Val[en  .  . 

* 

• 

III.  11970 

[III.  5954; »  11957 ;• 

11967;  11978] 

Vetebani^** 

CI.  Reticus 

III.  11968 

[III.  5813;  5883;  5889,  p.  1050] 

Eqdites 

Aur.  Pervincian. 

July  25,  240 

III.  5942 

CI.  Donatus 

III.  5947 

[III.  5946;  11956] 

Veterani  ex  equite 

M.  Aur.  Militio 

III.  5955 

[III.  5948] 

1  p.  202,  n.  13.  »  DS.  III.  1057. 

>  EE.  lY,  pp.  374  ft. ;  Marq.  II.  552.  «  "  Tet.  ex  leg.  Ill  Ital.  m.  h.  m.  ex  t.bc." 

•  P.  202,  D.  15.     A  P.  202,  n.  18.    7  Cf.,  perhaps,  CIL.  III.  5944.         *  Perhapa  not  genuine. 

*  The  rank  is  nnknown,  owing  to  the  mutilation  of  the  stone,    lo  Cf .  III.  143703  (Baetia  16) . 


ADMINISTBATION   OP   NOBICUM   AND   BAETIA 


211 


LEGIO  III  AUGUSTA. 

Former  soldiers  of  legio  III  Augusta  were  among  those  assem- 
bled in  Raetia  in  the  summer  of  253  who  proclaimed  Valerian 
emperor.'  They  had  returned  to  Africa  by  Oct.  22  of  the  same 
year.* 

OTHER  LEGIONS.' 

Veterans  of  leg.  I  (Germanica)  and  leg.  XX  (Valeria  victrix) 
in  Lower  Germany  were  sent  into  Raetia  in  14  a.  d.*  Similar 
vexillationes  may  well  have  been  temporarily  quartered  in  the 
province  during  any  active  campaign,  as  for  example,  that  of  Cara- 
calla in  213;*  there  is  one  probable  reference  to  such  an  occur- 
rence under  M.  Aurelius.' 

The  bricks  of  LEG  IIII  M'  and  LEG  VIII  AUG'  which  have 
been  found  in  Raetia  were  probably  brought  from  Germany. 

III.     The  Auxiliaries  in  Noricum. 

The  army  of  Noricum  in  69  a.  d.  consisted  of  one  ala  (I  Hispa- 
norum  Auriana),  eight  cohorts  (including  I  Montanorum  and 
perhaps  I  Asturum),  and  some  native  troops.'  Before  106  A.  d. 
ala  I  Hispanorum  Auriana  was  withdrawn,  but  ala  ICommagenorum 
was  added,  so  that  the  total  force  in  the  province  remained  practi- 
cally unchanged  (three  alae,  six  cohorts).*'  A  great  increase  (to 
four  alae  and  fourteen  cohorts)  had  taken  place  by  153,"  an  increase 
which,  as  it  surely  began  under  either  Trajan  or  Hadrian,  and,  as 
far  as  we  know,  affected  the  northeastern  part  of  the  province, 
may  best  be  connected  with  Hadrian's  policy  of  strengthening  the 

1  Baetia  23. 

a  VIII.  2182 ;  2852,  p.  954 ;  see  Sch.  I.  811 ;  Cagnat,  p.  171. 

"Inscriptions  mentioning  legions  camped  in  other  provinces  are  rare:  leg.  XI  CI.-  HI 
6775  f. ;  leg gem. :  III.  5778. 

*Tac.  Ann.  i.  44.  6  (cf.  i.  89.  2).  Ohlenschlager's  suggestion  i^Prog.  p.  7  andn.  8)  that  the 
7  leg.  XX  of  CIL.  III.  5577  (Rett)  was  one  of  this  detachment  is  improbable ;  the  omission 
of  the  legionary  cognomen  and  the  province  Britain  is  not  conclusive  proof  that  the  inscrip- 
tion  is  early,  while  the  use  of  ligatures,  the  orthography  (e.  g.  Nice/bru[s]),  and  the  infre- 
Quency  in  this  region  of  monuments  of  the  early  empire,  all  militate  against  his  hypothesis. 

»  VI,  p.  551,  lines  20  ff. 

•VI.  81871: praeposit.  v[exiUationum  per  Ital.]  et  Eaet.  et  Noric.  [bello  Ger- 

manico . 

T  III.  11990  [NeuburgJ.  « III.  11991  (Aalen;  Stuttgart) ;  380*  (Salzbrunn). 

»  Tac.  Hi$t.  iu.  5 ;  see  pp.  171,  213  ff.  w P.  212 ;  D.  CIV.  u  p.  173,  n.  8 ;  D.  LXIV. 


212 


STUDIES   IN   CLASSICAL   PHILOLOGY 


Danubian  fortresses  of  Pannonia  superior.*  That  Hadrian  visited 
Noricum  is  proved  by  senatorial  coins  marked  EXERCITVS 
NORICVS  which  represent  him  in  the  act  of  addressing  troops.* 
The  arrival  of  a  legion'  soon  reduced  the  auxiliaries  to  a  position 
of  secondary  importance ;  still  there  is  some  slight  indication  of  a 
later  (third  century?)  addition  to  their  strength.* 

ALAE  IN  NORICUM. 

Ala  Antoniniana  in  211/222  was  under  the  command  of  the 
legatus  leg.  II  Ital.* 

Ala  Augusta  was  at  Virunum  in  the  third  century  ;*  it  is  per- 
haps the  same  as  ala  I  Augusta  Thracum.^ 

Ala  celerum  may  have  been  at  Virunum  at  a  late  date.* 

Ala  I  Commagenorum,  which  in  106  a.  d.  was  in  Noricum,* 
must  at  some  time  have  garrisoned  Comagena. 

Ala  II  Flavia  piafidelis  miliaria:  see  p.  215. 

Ala  I  Hispanorum  Auriana^^  is  known  to  have  served  in  Nori- 
cum in  69  A.  D."  and  from  107  to  166  in  Raetia"  in  or  near 
Weissenburg." 

Ala  I  Augusta  Thracum:  see  p.  216. 

Alae  stationed  in  the  Danube  provinces,  Britain,  Upper  Ger 
many,   and   Mauretania,  are    mentioned   in   the   inscriptions   of 
Noricum." 

iSch.  L610f. 

«  Eckhel,  VI,  pp.  499  f. ;  Cohen,  II,  p.  155,  nn.  565-567.  «  P.  196. 

«P.  213.  K&mmel,  pp.  57  ff.,  gives  a  useful  summary  of  the  fortified  sites  in  Noricum  in 
the  third  century. 

•  Noricum  81 ;  PW.  1. 1229,  cf.  1225,  4;  Diz.  Ep.  I.  498. 

•  CIL.  III.  4812  (238  A.  D.) ;  4834 ;  PW.  1. 1232  c.  T  p.  216. 

•  CIL.  III.  4832,  11506 :  Affgaeo,  ezarcho  alae  celerum.  Tiro  sagittandi  peritissimo,  tI 
militum  interemto,  Monna  marito  amantissimo.    PW.  1. 1236  f.;  Diz.  Ep.  II.  150. 

»D.  CIV;  CIL.  III.  5224  (Celeia) ;  5091  (Wolfsberg);  14368a*  (Seiti);  PW.  L  I238f.;  IW«. 
Bp.  II.  535;  Nowotny,  p.  271. 

lOOhl.  Prog.  pp.  40-42;  PW.  I.  1248;  CIL.  V.  4095. 

"  Noricum  3;  CIL.  III.  11749  (near  Semriach,  "  litt.  saec.  primi")  (omitted  in  PW.). 

WD.  XXXV  (107  A.  D.) ;  D.  LII  (under  HadrianT) ;  CIL.  in.  11911  (Emmexheim,  158  a.  d.) ; 
[D.  CXI]  (162  A.  D.) ;  D.  LXXIII  and  CIL.  V.  8660  (Concordia)  (166  a.  d.)  ;  VI.  3654. 

"III.  11994  (teg.) ;  5925  (7) ;  D.  XXXV  (Weissenburg) ;  CIL.  III.  11911  (Emmetheim) ;  5809 
(Nassenfels). 

1*  Ala  II  Asturum:  III.  152063;  I  Batavor.  «  :  5331;  I  (Fl.  Aug.)  Britannica  «  (c.  R.  bis 
feorq.  ob.  rirt.) :  5211;  5212;  5214;  5215;  I  (Vesp.)  Dardanor.:  5044;  I  (Hispanor.)  ArTaoorum: 


ADMINISTRATION   OF   NORICUM    AND    RAETIA 


213 


COHORTS  IN  NORICUM. 

Cohors  I  Aelia  (Severiana)  sagittariorum  miliaria  equitata 
during  the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus,^  and  perhaps  considerably 
later,'*  garrisoned  the  frontier  fortress  of  Astura.' 

Cohors  I  Asturum*  was  in  Noricum  from  106  A.  D.'  until  the 
third  century  at  least,'  giving  its  name  to  Astura.' 

The  co[h{ors)  .  .]  Breuc{orum)  which  was  in  Noricum  during 
the  reign  of  Philip  (244/249)*  may  be  identical  with  the  cohors 
V  Breucorum  serving  in  Pannonia  in  80  A.  d.,'  although  neither 
of  the  inscriptions  of  the  latter  found  in  Noricum^"  in  itself  neces- 
sarily implies  the  presence  of  the  cohort  in  that  province. 

Cohors  I  Aelia  Brittonum  miliaria  was  located  in  Noricum  in 
the  third  century." 

Cohors  I  Flavia  Brittonum  came  into  Noricum  from  Dalmatia" 
before  or  during  the  third  century." 

Cohors  I  Montanorum,  at  Virunum  in  the  early  empire," 
towards  the  end  of  the  first  century  was  sent  to  Pannonia." 

5629;  I  (Pannonior.)  Tamp(iana) :  5531 ;  5632;  II  Pannonior. :  5211 ;  5212;  [5214;]  5215;  III  Thra- 
c(um) :  5332;  I  TuDg(rorum)  Frontonian(a) :  5331  (III,  p. 2489,  read  "felices  Tungri,  12030,  5" 
for  "  13090,  3") ;  alae  prov.  Mauretan.  Caes. :  5211.    Cf.  p.  165,  n.  4. 

Equites  of  unknown  troops  are  referred  to  in  III.  4753;  5057;  5308;  5652;  11791. 

1 UI.  5647  (230  a.  D.). 

^Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxiv.  45. 

*CIL.  III.  5645-47;  11857  (teg.).  It  had  formerly  been  stationed  in  Pannonia  superior, 
PW.  IV.  329  f. 

*  PW.  IV.  245  f . ;  Nowotny,  pp.  271  ff.  6  D.  CIV. 

•  CIL.  VI.  3588:  L.  Cuspius  L.  f.  Cla.  luvai  Lautus  Norico,  mil.  cob.  I  Asturum  £.  Macri- 

niana  (217/218?) .    (Cichorius's  conjecture  as  to  the  date  (69/70?)  is  incorrect,  if  Macrini- 

ana  is  here  an  honorary  cognomen. )  Other  inscriptions  of  the  cohort  are :  III.  5589  (luvavum) ; 
4839;  11508  (Virunum) ;  5330  (Solva) ;  11708  (S.  Martin) ;  10507  (Aquincum) ;  XI.  6337  (Pisaurum). 
The  restoration  of  the  numeral  in  the  last  one  (cf.  PW.  IV.  247)  is  fairly  certain,  both  on 
account  of  the  spacing  and  because  the  officer  mentioned  served  next  in  coh.  I  Fl.  Britton. 
which  was  in  Noricum  at  this  period.    Jung,  Dae.  p.  xv. 

7  Nowotny,  p.  273.         «  CIL.  III.  5613, 11781  (WeihmOrting).  »  D.  XIII;  PW.  IV.  259. 

10  CIL.  III.  5066  (Vail.  Lavantina) ;  5472  (Knittelfeld).  The  cohort  is  also  mentioned  in 
X.  6102. 

»  m.  4812  (Virunum,  238  a.  d.)  ;  IX.  5357  (Firmum).    See  n.  13. 

"PW.  IV.  263:  Diz.  Ep.  1. 1042  f. ;  Jung,  Doc.  p.  114. 

»»  CIL.  III.  4811, 11504  (Virunum,  267  A.  D.) ;  5668  (Namara-Arlapa) ;  XI.  6337  (Pisaurum). 
III.  5455  (Pfannberg)  may  belong  here  or  with  the  preceding  cohort. 

UIII.  48a;  4846;  4847;  4849;  115.'>4;  4838  (?). 

»PW.  IV.  316  f.  Ann.  Ep.  1903, 289  (Bavna)  may  refer  to  any  one  of  the  cohorts  of  this 
nam*. 


214 


STUDIES   IN   CLASSICAL   PHILOLOGY 


/ 


At  the  time  of  the  Notitia  digniiatum  a  cohort  was  stationed 
at  Boiodurum  and  another  at  Cannabiaca.' 

•Some  cohorts  belonging  in  other  provinces  are  named  in 
Norican  inscriptions.' 

LOCAL  MILITIA  OF  NORICUM. 
Besides  the  regular  auxiliary  forces  just  enumerated,  a  body 
of  local  militia  (Noricorum  inventus)  was  in  existence  in  69  A.  D.' 

OTHER  AUXILIARIES  OF  THE  LATER  EMPIRE. 
The  Notitia  digniiatum  gives  the  names  of  six  bodies  of  equites 
stationed  at  various  points  on  the  northern  frontier.*  Equites 
Dalmatae  Aquesiani  comitatenses  won  a  victory  in  Noricum  in 
310.'  The  latest  dated  inscription  of  the  province*  (370  A.  D.) 
records  the  completion  of  a  fortress  at  Ips  by  milites  auxiliares 
Lauriacenses. 

IV.   The  Auxiliaries  in  Raetia/ 

Very  little  is  known  of  the  army  of  Raetia  before  the  end  of 
the  first  century;  light-armed  native  troops  were  there  from  the 
time  of  Augustus,'  and  other  auxiliary  forces  by  69,"  the  total 
presumably  being  about  equal  to  that  of  Noricum. ***  Between  82 
and  107,  on  at  least  two  different  occasions  (82/90,  90/107), 
troops  were  brought  from  Germany,  Pannonia,  and  even  Africa," 
80  that  the  diploma  of  107,"  fortunately  preserved  entire,  assigns 
to  Raetia  four  alae  and  eleven  cohorts.  The  next  half-century 
or  so  (Trajan  to  Marcus)  shows  no  appreciable  change  in  the 
strength  of  the  army — three  alae  and  thirteen  cohorts  are  named 
in  the  diploma  of  166" — although  there  is  considerable  shifting 
of  soldiers  from  Germany  to  Raetia  and  from  Raetia  to  Noricum 

1  Oec.  zxziT.  44  f . 

>  Coh.  I  B(a)etas(iorum)  c.  B.:  CJL.  III.  5331;  II  Oallorum:  5211;  5212;  5214;  5215; 
UI  Hispan(onim):  152051;  i  Thrac(um  eq.):  11541;  I  Ub(iorum):  13539  (teg.).  III.  4859  it 
uncertain. 

s  Tac.  Hist.  iii.  5  (p.  171) ;  see  p.  219,  n.  7  and  MB.  VII.  302  f. 

*Occ.  xzziy.  31-36:  eqaites  promoti,  Ad  Mauros  and  Comagena;  eqq.  sagittarii, 
Lentia  and  Lacnfelix;  eqq.  Dalmatae,  Arlapa  and  Augustana  (^Triirisamum) ;  cf.,  perhaps, 
GJL.  UI.  5821. 

ft  m.  5565,  11771  (Bedaium) ;  cf .  Noricum  34.  •  III.  5670  a.  7  Arnold,  pp.  47  ff. 

•  P.  219,  n.  8 ;  Jung,  Doc.  p.  127,  n.  1.  •  Pp.  215,  217. 

W  P.  211.  11  Pp.  215  f.,  218  f .  n  D.  XXXV. 

u  D.  LXXIII ;  for  the  alae,  cf .  also  CIL.  V.  8660.  D.  CXI  (162)  seems  to  giro  the  same  list 
as  D.  LXXIII;  D.  I«IXTX  (after  145)  is  too  fragmentary  to  be  of  yalue. 


ADMINI8TBATI0N   OF   NOBIOUM   AND   BAETIA 


215 


and  Pannonia.'  EXERCITVS  RAETICVS  occurs  on  bronze 
coins  of  Hadrian.'  After  the  arrival  of  legio  III  Italica,*  somd 
auxiliaries  were  removed  from  the  province.* 

ALAE  IN  RAETIA.' 

Ala  I  Flavia  Commagenorum  may  have  been  in  the  north  of 
Raetia  for  a  short  time  in  the  middle  of  the  second  century.* 

Ala  I  Flavia  fidelis  Gemelliana  miliaria^  was  in  Raetia  162- 
166  A.  D.*  and  was  stationed  in  the  north,  perhaps  at  Kosching.* 

Ala  II  Flavia  pia  fidelis  miliar ia^^  served  at  Aalen"  in  Raetia 
from  the  latter  part  of  the  first  century  until  some  date  between 
107"  and  153,"  when  it  moved  to  Noricum.  It  is  probably  iden- 
tical with  ala  II  Flavia  gemina,  which  was  in  Germany  until 
82/90;"  hence  the  title  pia  fidelis  may  have  been  won  in  88  during 
the  revolt  of  Sat u minus. 

Ala  I  Hispanorum  Auriana:  see  p.  212. 

Ala  I  Flavia  Raetorum  was  at  Quint[i]anae  (Ktlnzing)  in  the 
late  empire.'* 

Ala  II  Valeria  Sequanorum  in  the  early  part  of  the  fifth 
century  garrisoned  Vimania." 

Ala  I  Flavia  singularium  civium  Romanorum  pia  fidelis^^ 
formed  a  part  of  Vitellius's  army,"  probably  Stationed  in  Raetia.** 

1  Pp.  215  f .      a  Eckhel,  VI,  p.  500 ;  Cohen,  II,  p.  156,  nn.  578-582.     »  P.  20).     4  Pp.  218,  225. 
•  Ala  I  Siliana  torq.  c.  B. :  CIL.  III.  5775  f.  (Abudiacum),  served  in  Da-ia  (PW.  1. 1261). 
•CIL.  in.  5906,  11907  (KOsching,  141  A.  D.);  11901  (Paimingen) ;  not  mentioned  in  thd 
Raetian  diplomata  of  107, 162,  or  166. 

1 V.  538  names  a  decurion  and  Ann.  Ep.  1901, 101  (Oldenburg)  a  rfttoran,  of  ala  I  PI.  fid. 
who  possibly  belonged  to  this  ala. 

«D.  CXI;  D.  LXXIII;  CIL.  V.  8660;  it  is  generally  stated,  e.  g.,  in  Urban,  p.  19;  PW. 
1. 1247,  that  this  ala  served  in  Raetia  from  64  on;  it  is,  however,  omitted  in  D.  XXXV  of  the 
year  107,  while  the  diploma  of  64  (D.  Ill)  was  found  in  Noricum  (at  Geiselbrechting),  not  in 
Baetia,  and  does  not  state  the  location  of  the  troop. 

•CIL.  III.  11908;  cf.  11936  (Pfflnz). 

10  PW.  1. 1241  f. ;  Diz.  Ep.  III.  154  f.;  add  Ann.  Ep.  1906, 128. 

"  ORL.  Abt.  B,  no.  66;  CIL.  UI.  14371 1.  a  (teg.). 

iac/L.VI.3255;  D.  XXXV  (107  a.  d.)  ;  C/L.  HI.  5822;  5823  (Augusta,  not  before  M.AurdUua). 

"  D.  LXrV ;  p.  173,  n.  3.       u  D.  XIV ;  D.  XXI.       k  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxv.  28.      i«  Ibid.  38. 

"PW.  1. 1261  f.;  Ann.  Ep.  1890, 151  (Concordia,  under  M.  Aurelius). 

"Tac.  Hist.  iv.  70;  p.  171. 

i»The  Raetic  auxiliaries  had  supported  Vitellius  (Tac.  Hist.  iii.  6;  i.  70,  where  the  fact 
comes  out  that  Caecina  anticipated  no  opposition  in  Baetia),  but  by  70  must  have  trans- 
ferred their  aUejfiance  to  Vespasian,  for  Sextilius  FeUx  apparently  met  no  resistance  in  hit 
march  through  Baetia  (see  n.  18).    Now  this  ala  appears  first  in  history  under  the  command 


216 


STUDIES   IN   CLASSICAL   PHILOLOGY 


\\i 


It  afterwards  supported  Vespasian/  from  whom  it  secured  the  name 
Flavia.  After  fighting  in  Germany  in  70  against  the  Treveri  and 
the  Batavi,'  the  ala  stayed  in  Germania  superior  until  after  90 
A.  D.'  winning  the  title  pia  fidelis ;  then  before  107  it  returned  to 
Raetia*  where  it  remained  until  the  third  century.'  Its  camp  in 
that  province  was  probably  at  PfOring.* 

Ala  II  Valeria  singularis  occupied  Vallatum  under  the  later 
empire.' 

Ala  I  Augusta  Thracum^  which  was  in  existence  in  97/98 
A.  D.,'  was  in  Raetia  by  107,*  and  was  sent  to  Trigisamum  in  Nori- 
cum  before  140/144.'**  It  gave  the  name  Augustana  to  Trigi- 
samum." 

COHORTS  IN  RAETIA." 

Cohors  II  Aquitanorum  equitata^*  between  107"  and  162** 
moved  from  Germania  superior''  to  Raetia,  where  it  was  located  at 
Castra  Regina." 

Cohors  III  Batavorum  miliaria  {equHataf),  in  Raetia  in 
107  A.  D.,"  was  ordered  to  Pannonia  inferior  by  Trajan  or 
Hadrian." 

of  lolins  Briganticns,  whose  surname  seems  to  be  connected  with  the  name  of  the  Raetic 
tribe  Brigantes  (p.  165,  n.  4),  and  it  apparently  Joined  the  German  army  at  the  same  time  as 
Sextilins  Felix,  though  it  was  not  with  him  in  Noricum.  May  it  not  therefore  have  been  in 
Raetia  and  come  with  him  from  thereT 

I  OIL.  V.  875 ;  cf .  p.  215,  n.  18.  >  Tac.  Hi$t.  ▼.  20,  21 ;  ef .  p.  215,  n.  18. 

s  Not  (as  Cichorius  says)  sent  to  Raetia  at  the  same  time  as  ala  II  Fl.  gemina ;  se* 
p.  215  and  D.  XXI. 

*D.  XXXV  (107  A.  D.) ;  D.  CXI  (162  A.  d.);  D.  LXXIII  and  CIL.  V.  8660  (166  A.  D.). 

•  m.  5938, 11943  (Untersaal,  231  A.  D.). 

•  m.  11909 ;  5912  (141  a.  d.).    Cf.  n.  5  and  III.  U99S  (teg.,  Castra  Regina). 
'  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxzr.  26. 

•  CIL.  V.  7425,  under  Nerva,  not  Trajan,  as  Cichorius  asserts  in  PW.  1. 1283. 

•D.  XXXV;  cf.,  perhaps,  CIL.  III.  5819  (Augusta). 

10  III.  5654;  11796;  also  4806;  4839  (Virunum) ;  5340  (SoWa) ;  IX.  5357  (the  cnrsus  of  a  pr*. 
ftet  who  had  formerly  been  trib.  coh.  I  Aeliae  Britton.,  see  p.  213) ;  Jung,  Dae.  p.  xt.  Cf. 
ala  Augusta,  p.  212. 

II  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxiv.  35. 

13  Cohors  dassica,  CIL.  III.  5775,  5776  (Abudiacum),  did  not  belong  in  the  prorince. 

1>PW.  IV.  243;  Diz.  Bp.  I.  593  f.  (where  read  "nel  166  in  Raetia"). 

MD.XXXV.  i»  D.CXI. 

MD.  XXI ;  Ann.  Ep.  1903,  93  (teg.,  Amsburg). 

ITD.  LXXIII  (166  A.  D.) ;  CIL.  UI.  6587, 11993  (teg.) ;  11972  (T). 

!•  PW.  IV.  252  f . ;  Din,  Ep.  I.  982. 


ADMINISTRATION   OP   NORIOUM    AND    RAETIA 


217 


Cohors  IX  Batavorum  miliaria  equitata  expl{oratorumy 
came  into  Raetia  between  107"  and  162 ;»  it  was  encamped  at 
Weissenburg,*  and  later  at  Passau  (Batava  Castra).' 

Cohors  II I  ^  and  cohors  V  Bracaraugustanorum  served  in 
Raetia  in  the  second  century;'  the  latter  perhaps  gave  its  name 
to  Quintianae  (Kttnzing). 

Cohors  I  Breucorum  quingenaria  Valeria  victrix  bis  tor^ 
quata  oh  virtutem  appellata  {equitata  f):""  in  Raetia  from  107" 
to  211"  or  longer;  from  the  reign  of  Pius  in  camp  at  Pftlnz;" 
under  the  charge  of  a  7  leg.  Ill  Ital.  helped  fortify  Bohmine  in 
181  A.  D." 

Cohors  III  Britannorum^*  was  in  Raetia  throughout  the  empire, 
being  stationed  at  Abusina."  Traces  have  been  discovered  also  at 
Theilenhof en '•  and  near  Castra  Regina."  At  some  time  during 
the  first  century,"  perhaps  in  69/70,"  it  was  encamped  in  North 
Italy. 

1  Cf.  p.  216,  n.  18.    IG.  XIV.  2433  ( Massilia).  a  D.  XXXV. 

»[D.CXI];  cf.D.LXXni. 

i  OftL.  Abt.  B,  no.  72,  p.  45;  Taf.  XIII.  4=C/L.  III.  11918.  Line  4  was  formerly  read  ex 
p(rovinoia)  B(ritannia),  for  a  discussion  of  which  see  CUim.  Rev.  XVIII.  459-  XIX  58  (the 
n  TYY*^  **'''P'**^  ^  ****  ***^®''  *'^»*'^®  i«  unlikely  in  view  of  the  absence  of'the  cohort  in 

^Not.  Dign.  Oee.  xxxv.  24.  ecf.  n.  16. 

f  Perhaps  previously  in  Germany,  CIL.  VI.  8539. 

«D.  XXXV;  D.  LXXIII;  CIL.  VI.  1822 ;  3226 ;  other  inscriptions  of  uncertain  refereuoe 
are  enumerated  in  PW.  IV.  256  f. ;  Dit.  Bp.  1. 1024. 

•  PW.  IV.  267  f. ;  Dit.  Bp,  1. 1006. 

10  D.  XXXV ;  [D.  CXI] ;  D.  LXXIII.  ii  ciL.  III.  11934 ;  11935. 

W  m^l930;  11931  (138/161  A.  D.) ;  11933,  p.  232862  (183/185)  (Raetia  16) ;  11934,  11935  (211 
A.  D.) :  11929;  11982;  [11986].  11937-11939,  p.  2828aoi ;  11940a;  15210.  may  be  placed  here  with 
•ome  decree  of  probability. 

»IU.  143703;  cf.  pp.  208, 189. 

14  Much  confusion  in  the  notes  and  indices  to  CIL.  Ill  and  elsewhere,  is  caused  by  the 
absence  of  system  in  expanding  abbreviations  for  Britannorum,  Brittonum,  Britannica  and 
Breucorum ;  see  PW.  III.  861  f . ;  IV.  261  f. ;  Dtz.  Bp.  1. 1042.  ' 

"D.  XXXV;  D.  LXXIX ;  D.  LXXIII ;  CIL.  III.  5935  (211  a.d.)  ;  [11950,  p.  2288]  (212,  not  218 
A.  D.,  as  in  the  Corpus) ;  [11944]  (219  a.  d.  7) ;  11996  (teg.) ;  141Uy ;  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  xxxv.  25 ; 
<lnng,  Dae.  p.  115. 

.h  "  ^'k  •.?."  f  ^,^^-^  -^  ^^  «»•  ^  PW.  IV.  261 ;  ORL.  Abt.  B,  no.  71  a,  pp.  11, 17  on 
the  pMsibihty  of  understanding  a  reference  to  eoh.  Ill  Br(acaraugu8tanorum)  or  Br(itto. 
num)  instead  of  Br(itannorum). 

IT  CIL.  III.  14119  (KumpfmOhl) . 

w  V.  7717  (Augusta  Bagionnorum) ;  see  also  PW.  IV.  825  on  Pais,  CIL.  V,  Addit.  610, 611 
»Tac.  Hi$t.  i.  70. 


218 


STUDIES   IN   OLASSIOAL   PHILOLOGY 


Cohen's  I  Flavia  Canathenorum  miliaria^  served  in  Raetia 
162-166  A.  D.*  Tegulae  have  been  found  at  KOsching,  PfOring, 
Abusina,  Castra  Regina,  and  Straubing.' 

.  Co[h{ors)  .  .  .  c]ivium  Romano[r{um)  was  located  in  Raetia, 
perhaps  in  the  latter  part  of  the  first  century ;  its  identification  is 
quite  uncertain.* 

Cohors  III  I  Gallorum  was  in  Raetia  107-166  a.  d.* 

Cohors  VI  Lusitanorumy  otherwise  unknown,  is  placed  in 
Raetia  by  a  newly  discovered  Greek  inscription*  of  the  second 
century.'  As  it  is  not  included  in  the  Raetian  diplomata,  it  was 
probably  brought  to  the  province  after  166  to  take  the  place  of 
coh.  VII  Lusit.  eq. 

Cohors  VII  LusUanorum  equitata*  towards  the  end  of  the 
first  century  was  transferred  to  Raetia  from  Numidia;*  it  returned 
to  Africa  after  166  a.  d.*'* 

Cohors  III  Herculea  Pannoniorum  was  at  Caelium  in  the 
time  of  the  Noiitia  dignitatum}^ 

Cohors  Herculea  Pannoniorum  occupied  Arbor  Felix"  in  the 
late  empire." 

Cohors  V  Valeria  Phrygum  in  the  fifth  century  held  Phiniana.'* 

Cohors  I  Raetorum^^  was  in  Raetia  107-166  A.  D.,  perhaps  at 
Schierenhof."  It  is  not  known  whether  this  was  the  same  as  the 
cohors  I  Herculea  Raetorum  which  was  at  Parrodunum  in  the 
later  empire." 

1  GIL.  VIII.  29M,  2395 ;  17904;  PW.  IV.  267 :  Diz.  Ep.  II.  64. 

3D.  CXI;  CIL.  II [.  5973, 11976  (Straabinflr) ;  D.  LXXIII;  CIL.  III.  5911  (T)  (Otliii«). 

s  III.  6001, 11992,  p.  2328U  ad  n.  119993,  p.  2328a<».  « IX.  5962;  PW.  IV.  308. 

»D.  XXXV;  [D.  LXXIX] ;  D.  LXXIII;  CIL.  VIU.  9374.  Of  the  rarious  praefeoti  coh. 
nil  Oall.  who  are  enmneratod  in  PW.  IV.  290  f.,  CIL.  IX.  5357  girea  one  who  may  be  placed 
here  with  some  degree  of  probability,  inasmuch  as  his  entire  remaining  career  was  spent  in 
North  Italy,  Norionm,  and  Raetia,  see  pp.  213,  216. 

•  lOR.  III.  56=1414  (Prosias,  Bithynia).  The  note  on  III.  56  is  in  error  with  regard  to 
the  number  of  the  cohort. 

7  Bull.  Corr.  Hell.  XXV.  88,  n.  214.  »  PW.  IV.  318  f. ;  Cagnat,  pp.  250  f. 

•  D.  XXXV  (107  A.  D.).  w  D.  LXXIII.  »» Oce.  zzzt. 30;  PW.  IV.  328. 
u  A  Boman  camp  at  Arbor  Felix  is  assured  for  the  year  877  by  Ammian.  zzzi.  10. 20. 

t»  Nat.  Dign.  Oce.  xxxr.  84.  »*  Ibid.  29. 

»  PW.  IV.  326.  CIL.  VI.  1625;  VIII.  9990;  XII.  4232  may  refer  either  to  this  cohort  or  to 
eoh.  I  Baet.  (eq.),  p.  228.  D.  LXXIX  has  either  [I]  or  [II]  Baet.  CIL.  III.  11924  is  quite 
uncertain. 

i«  CIL.  III.  13547,  p.  2328 »3  (teg.).  Cf.  p.  219,  n.  2.  "  Not.  Dign.  Oee,  zzzt.  28. 


ADMINISTBATION   OP   NOBIOUM    AND    BAETIA 


219 


Cohors  II  Raetorum:'  in  the  province  107-166  A.  d.;'  camp 
apparently  at  Straubing.* 

Cohors  VI  Valeria  Raetorum  occupied  Venaxamodurum  at 
the  time  of  the  Notitia  dignitatum.* 

Cohors  III  Thracum  veterana  and  cohors  III  Thracum  civium 
Romanorum  were  in  Raetia,  107-166  a.  d.'  One  of  these  came 
from  Pannonia  between  84*  and  107. 

LOCAL  MILITIA  OF  RAETIAJ 
Light-armed  native  troops  during  the   first  century  supple- 
mented the  regularly  organized  auxiliaries." 

OTHER  AUXILIARIES  OF  THE  LATE  PERIOD. 
The  following  entries  in  the  Notitia  dignitatum  give  informa- 
tion about  other  troops  in  Raetia: 

{Occ.  XXXV.  14)  equites  stablesiani  seniores,  Augustanis. 

(15)  equites  stablesiani  iuniores,  Ponte  A[e]ni,  nunc  Febian[i>. 

(16)  equites  stablesiani  iuniores,  Submuntorio. 
(20)  praefectus  militum  Ursariensium,  Guntiae. 
(31)  tribunus  gentis  per  Raetias  deputatae,  Teriolis. 

Summary:  The  Defenses  of  Raetia,  150-200  A.  D. 
In  the  following  table  covering  the  latter  half  of  the  second 
century  an  attempt  is  made  to  present  a  concise  statement  of  the 
location  of  troops  in  Raetia,  such  as  is  given  for  a  later  date 
by  the  Notitia  dignitatum.  The  period  chosen,  from  Antoninus 
Pius  to  Septimius  Severus,  is  the  one  of  greatest  importance  in 
the  military  history  of  the  Upper  Danube— the  period  of  con- 
struction, at  least  in  stone,  of  the  majority  of  the  castles  along 
the  limes  Raeticus.  The  evidence  is  unfortunately  too  scanty  to 
permit  of  a  similar  schedule  for  the  army  in  Noricum. 

i  PW.  IV.  327.    CIL.  V.  3358  Riyes  the  name  of  a  praefectus  either  of  this  cohort  or  of 
ooh.  II  Baet.  c.  B.,  p.  223. 

aD.  XXXV;  D.  CXI:  D.  LXXIII.       ^CIL.  III.  11997  (teg.).        40cc.  xxxr.  27;  cf.  p.  224. 
»  D.  XXXV ;  D.  LXXIII ;  CIL.  III.  5880  (Haunsheim) ;  perhaps  V.  2841.    PW  IV  S»  f 
•D.  XVL 

TSee  Hermez,  XIX.  219 ff.,  especially  p.  222,  n.  4;  XXII.  547 ff.;  MB.  VII.  326 flf.;  AUen. 
pp.  369  ff. 

•CIL.  Xni.  1041: eyocat[o]  gesatomm  DC  Baetoram  casteUo  Ircario (Augus- 
tan age) ;  IX.  SOU,  see  Baetia  1  (before  19  a.  d.)  ;  V.  536;  Tac.  Hut.  i.  68:  -  -  -  Baetorum 
iUTentus,  sneta  armis  et  more  militiae  exercita  (69  A.  d.). 


220 


STUDIES    IN    CLASSICAL   PHILOLOGY 


ON  THE  LIMES  RAETIAE  AND  THE  UPPER  DANUBE. 


CA8TL.K 

Abba  in 

ORL. 

LiBF. 

Sqdabb 
Mbtbssi 

Oabbison 

NOTBfl 

No. 

Name 

64 

Schiereohof 

7 

20,410 

coh.  I  Raet. 

65 

Unterbobingen 

1 

20,043 

coh.           ? 

66 

Aalen 

23 

60,740 

ala  II  Fl.  p.  f.  00 

TUl  107/153 

66a 

Urepring 
Heidenheim 

24 

17,874 

coh.            ? 

666 

13 

52,845 

? 

66c 

Faimingen 

50,532 

?  ala  I  Fl.  CJomm. 

Till  141/162  ;cf. 
Koecning 

67 

Buch 

10 

20,950 

coh.           ? 

67a 

Halheim 

15 

6.724 

vezillatio  ? 

68 

Ruffenhofen 

4 

37,528 

? 

60 

Dambach 

15 

21,505 

coh.           ? 

70 

Gnotzbeim 

22,475 

coh.           ? 

71 

GunzenhauBen 

6,800 

vexillatio  ? 

71a 

Theilenhofen 

24 

27,440 

coh.  Ill  Br(?). 

Cf.  AbuBina 

72 

Weissenburg 

26 

30,964 

ala  I  HiBp.  Aur. 

73 

Pfttnz 

14 

27,390 

coh.  I  Breuc. 

Cf.  Bohming 

73n 

BOhming 

7,410 

vexil.  leg.  Ill  Ital. 
vexil.  coh.  I  Breuc. 

After  181 

74 

KoechiDg 

50,000 

?  ala  I  Fl.  Comm. 

Till  141/162; 
cf.  FaimiDgen 
After  107/162 

ala  I  Fl.  tid.  Gem.  oo 

76 

PfOring 

16 

38,774 

ala  I  Fl.  eiog.  c.  R. 

76> 

Abusina 

18,000 

coh.  Ill  Britannor. 
?  leg.  Ill  ItaL 

ON  THE  DANUBE  BELOW  ABU8INA. 

Abbaim 

CA8TLB 

Squabb 
Mbtbbb 

OABBnOB 

NOTBS 

Caatra  Regina 

237,000 

leg.  Ill  Ital. 
coh.  II  Aq.  eq. 

?coh.  IIIBr(?). 

Cf.  AbuBina 

?  ala  I  Fl.  Bing.  c.  R 

Of.  PfOring 

Straubing 

coh.  II.  Raet. 
?  leg.  Ill  Ital. 

Ktlnzing 

23,265 

coh.  V  Bracar. 

Pasaau 

coh.  IX  Bat.  00  eq.  expl. 

Previously  at 
WeiBsenburg 

»The  maximum  aise  of  a  ffarrison  is  of  conrse  determined  by  the  size  of  the  camp,  one 
deai«ned  for  a  cohort  (approximately  500  men)  bein«  about  20,000  SQuare  meters.  See  ORL. 
and  Franxiss,  pp.  132  £f. 


ADMINISTRATION   OF   NOBIGUM   AND    BABTIA 


221 


IN  CENTRAL  RAETIA. 


Castlb 

Oabbison 

Augusta 

?  leg.  Ill  Ital. 

LOCATION  UNKNOWN. 


Oabbison 


Coh.  Ill  Bracar. 
Coh.  I  Fl.  Canath. 


Coh.  nil  Gall. 
Coh.  VII  (later  VI)  Lusit. 
Coh.  Ill  Thr.  vet. 
Coh.  Ill  Thr.  c.  R. 
Local  militia 


NOTBS 


Cf.  Theilenhofen 

Tegulae  at  Koeching,  PfO- 
ring. AbuBina,  Custra 
Regina,  Straubing 


V.  The  Fleet. 
THE  FLEET  ON  THE  DANUBE. 
The  Upper  Danube  frontier  was  patroled  by  the  classis  Pan- 
nonica/  which  was  created  before  50  A.  d."  and  had  its  headquar- 
ters at  Carauntum.  Under  the  later  empire,  two  subdivisions  of 
this  fleet,  classis  Lauriacensis  and  classis  Arlapensis  et  Maginen- 
sis,  were  stationed,  each  under  a  praefectus,  at  Lauriacum  and  at 
Arlapa  and  Comagena  respectively.'  Marines  (milites  libumarii) 
belonging  to  legio  II  Italica  at  loviacum  and  legio  I  Noricorum  at 
Fafiana  and  at  luenna  near  the  Drave,  co-operated  with  them.* 

THE  FLEET  ON  LAKE  CONSTANCE.* 
Tiberius  won  a  naval  victory  on  Lake  Constance  while  engaged 
in  conquering  the  Vindelici  (August  1, 15  b.  o. ) .*  There  is  no  fur- 
ther record  of  a  fleet  on  the  lake  until  the  "praefectus  numeri' 
bar[bari]cariorum,  Confluentibus  sive  Brecantia"  of  the  Notitia 
dignitatum,,''  nor  is  there  any  reason  to  believe  that  such  existed 
while  the  Roman  authority  in  southern  Raetia  remained  undisputed. 

I  PW.  III.  2646  fiP. ;  Diz.  Ep.  II.  274.  2  Tac.  Ann.  xii.  30. 

»  Not.  Diffn.  Occ.  xxxir.  42  f.  ♦  Ibid.  87,  40  f . ;  pp.  198,  204.  »  PW.  III.  2648. 

•  Strabo,  vii.  1.  5;  Dio,  liv.  22.  4;  Hor.  Carm.  iv.  14.  34;  Sch.  I.  215. 

^  Hcrmen,  XIX.  221,  n.  3.  s  Occ.  xxxv.  S2. 


222 


STUDIES    IN   CLASSICAL    PHILOLOOT 


VI.   Auxiliaries  Raised  in  Noricum  and  Raetia. 

From  the  earliest  times  the  tribes  inhabiting  Noricum  and 
Raetia  had  a  reputation  for  fierceness  and  bravery  in  war.* 
Noric  equites  fought  under  the  Roman  standard,  even  during  the 
republic;'  one  cohors  and  one  ala  Noricorum  are  known  in  the 
first  century  of  the  empire  and  later.  Norici  more  commonly, 
however,  served  in  praetorian  and  urban  cohorts,  as  equites  singu- 
lares,  or  as  legionaries.* 

Raetic  alae,  five  or  more  in  number,  are  mentioned  in  the  Notiiia 
dignitatum,  and  at  least  seventeen  cohorts  of  Raeti  and  Vindelici 
are  certain;  some  were  organized  by  Augustus  or  Tiberius,*  and 
all  about  which  we  have  information  were  in  existence  before  the 
time  of  the  Antonines.  Two  or  three  of  these  cohorts  served  in 
Raetia,*  two  or  three  others  in  Asia  Minor,*  five  in  Germania 
superior,^  and  four  in  Pannonia  or  on  the  lower  Danube.* 

ALAE  FROM  NORICUM. 
Ala  Noricorum^  in  the  first  century  was  in  Mainz,'  but  before 
74*  was  sent  to  Cologne,'*  and  later  to  Calcar."     Traces  elsewhere 
are  quite  uncertain." 

COHORTS  FROM  NORICUM. 
Cohors  I  Noricorum  equiiata^*  was  located  in  Pannonia"  (after 
the  division  of  the  province,  in  Pannonia  inferior")  from  80  to  167 
certainly,  and  probably  as  late  as  the  reign  of  Caracalla." 

1  See,  for  example,  Hor.  Carm.  iv.  14 ;  Strabo,  It.  6.8;  Yell.  ii.  95.  2;  App.  Jllyr.  15;  Flor. 
ii.  22  (It.  12) ;  Dio,  1.  28.  4;  liy.  22;  Priscian,  Periheg.  314. 

tCaes.  A.  C.  i.  IS.  5.  ap.165,  n.  4;  J7er«ie«,  XIX.51  f.  «Pp.22Sf. 

ft  Pp.  223-225.  •  ( 'f .  n.  5 ;  p.  165,  n.  4. 

'  PW.  1. 1252.  •  OIL,  Xin.  7029 ;  7090. 

•  It  is  omitted  in  the  diplomata  of  Upper  Germany  beffinniug  with  D.  XI  of  the  year 
named. 

10  Bonn,  Jahrb.  LXXXI.  102 ;  LXXXII.  21 ;  ClRh,  285  (Dnmomaffna) ;  Ann,  Ep.  1904. 104 ; 
1906,90. 

n  CIRk.  168;  170;  175;  176;  179;  187;  191. 

U  CIL.  in.  2S7  (Zela,  Pontns) ;  10T91  (Seiaenberg,  Pann.  snp.). 

la  in.  10279  (Mohiofl,  Pann.  inf.) ;  PW.  IV.  319  f. 

14  D.  Xm  (80  A.  D.) ;  D.  XVI  (84  a.  d.)  ;  D.  XVH  (85  a.  D.)  ;  CJL.  IX.  5363,  ^364. 

1*  D.  LYin  (under  Pins) ;  LXXIV  (167  a.  d.).  None  of  the  intcriptionB  from  Pannonia 
which  has  been  referred  to  this  oohort  is  oerUin  (ef.  CIL,  III.  8300;  on  III.  3396  see  PW.  IV. 
S15) ;  the  fragment  from  Baetia,  CJL,  III.  14370  »  (Ostra  Regina)  is  equally  doubtfuL 


ADMINI6TBATION   OF  NOBIGUM   AND    BAETIA 


228 


LOCAL  MILITIA  FROM  NORICUM. 

See  p.  214  for  troops  stationed  in  Noricum. 

It  is  possible  that  a  vexil(latio)  Raetor(um)  et  Noricor(um) 
which  served  at  Mancunium  in  Britain  was  organized  as  local 
militia.^ 

ALAE  FROM  RAETIA. 

Ala  I  Flavia  Raeiorum  saw  service  in  Raetia,  see  p.  215. 

[Alae  II,  III,  I  I II  Raetorum]  are  known  only  from  the 
existence  of  ala  V  Raetorum. 

Ala  V  Raetorum  was  at  Scenae  Veteranorum  in  Egypt  daring 
the  late  empire.^ 

COHORTS  FROM  RAETIA.' 

Cohors  I  Raetorum  was  stationed  in  Raetia,  see  p.  218. 

Cohors  I  Raetorum  equitata  served  in  Cappadocia  nnder 
Hadrian.* 

Cohors  II  Raetorum:  in  Raetia;   cf.  p.  219. 

Cohors  II  Raetorum  civium  Romanorum  was  in  Germania* 
superior*  throughout  the  empire;  it  probably  was  one  of  the 
cohorts  which  fought  at  Idistaviso  in  16  A.  D.  ;^  its  station  was  at 
Aquae  Mattiacorum  (Wiesbaden)  *  until  about  the  time  of  Hadrian, 
when  it  moved  to  Saalburg.* 

\^Cohortes  III  Raetorum^  are  known  only  from  the  existence 
of  the  cohorts  with  higher  numbers. 

Cohors  I II I  Raetorum^^  formed  part  of  the  army  of  Moesia 
superior  in  93  a.  d.  ;"  it  also  fought  in  the  second  German  war  of 
M.  Aurelius  and  Commodus." 

1  Vn.  212 ;  cf .  MB.  VII.  303.  *  Nat.  Dign  Or,  xxviii.  30. 

«  Hermea,  XIX.  215  f . ;  PW.  IV.  326  fF.,  350  f . 

« Arriao,  Eet.  i ;  ef.  p.  224.  &  D.  XTV.  (82  a.  d.). 

•  D.  XXI  (90  A.  d.)  ;  D.  XL  (116  a.  d.)  ;  D.  L  (134  A.  d.)  ;  CIL.  XIH.  7246;  ef.  p.  219,  n.  1. 

•  Tae.  Ann.  ii.  17. 6;  cf .  p.  224. 

•  CIL.  XIU.  7583;  7584;  p.  4(»  (teg.) ;  D.  XL  (116  A.  D.).  CIL.  JIU.  7047  (Mains) ;  6240 
(Worms)  also  perhaps  refer  to  soldiers  of  this  oohort. 

«XIII.  7462  (130  A.  D.);  7465  (212  A.  D.);  [7466]  (222/235  A.  D.);  7444;  [7445;  7452];  7457; 
7460;  [7468]:  7460;  7470;  CIRh.  1431  d  (teg.);  L.  Jacobi,  Dot  ROmerkatteU  Saalburg,  p.  190. 
Tegolae  have  also  been  found  at  Butabach:  CIL.  XIII,  p.  447. 

M  X.  6976.  >  1  D.  cm.  »  CIL.  Vm.  17900,  ef .  p.  301. 


224 


STUDIES   Iir  OLASSIOAL   PHILOLOGY 


Cohors  nil  Raetorum  equitaia^  was  encamped  in  Cappa- 
docia  from  the  time  of  Hadrian  on,'  in  the  later  empire  being  at 
Analiba  in  Armenia.' 

Cohors  V  Raetorum  was  in  existence  under  Hadrian.* 

Cohors  VI  Raetorum  served  at  Vindonissa  in  Germania 
superior/  and  was  in  existence  by  103/111.*  It  may  or  may  not 
be  the  same  as  cohors  VI  Valeria  Raetorum;  cf.  p.  219. 

Cohors  VII  Raetorum  equitata^  was  in  Germania*  superior* 
from  the  first  centnry ;  it  was  located  at  Vindonissa/"  and  later,  in 
the  early  part  of  the  third  century,  at  Niederberg  near  CJoblenz.'* 

Cohors  VIII  Raetorum  civium  Romanorum  served  in  Panno- 
nia  under  Domitian."  It  won  the  title  civium  Romanorum  in 
Trajan's  Dacian  war,  afterwards  remaining  in  Dacia." 

Cohors  Raetorum  et  Vindelicorum  in  the  first  century  formed 
a  part  of  the  army  in  Germania  superior;"    it  perhaps  fought    . 
under  Germanicus  in  16  A.  d.** 

Cohors  Raetorum.  In  some  cases  it  is  quite  impossible  to 
decide  which  of  the  above  is  meant,"  or  indeed  whether  there  is  a 
reference  to  cohortes  Raetorum  at  all." 

Cohors  I  Vindelicorum  (miliaria)  ^'^  probably  took  part  in 
Hadrian's  Jewish  war,"  and  in  157  was  in  Dacia  superior.* 

» X.  8978.  The  number  is  restored  with  a  fair  de^rree  of  probability  in  II.  8101,  the 
eitrsns  of  a  prefect  whose  remaining  military  career  was  in  the  East. 

i  Arrian,  Ect.  1 ;  p.  22S.  a  Not.  Dign.  Or.  xxzTiii.  28. 

♦C/L.  VIII.  8984. 

ft  Mommsen,  Irucr.  Helv.  344.  8,  9  (teg.) ;  OIL.  XUI.  5382  (Vesontio). 

•0.5202.  7X1.5889. 

•  D.  XI  (74  A.  D.) ;  D.  XTV  (82  A.  D.) ;  OIL.  U. S237. 

»  D.  XXI  (90  A.  D.) ;  D.  XL  (118  A.  D.) ;  D.  L  (134  A.  D.). 

10  Mommsen,  Inacr.  Helv.  344. 10. 

UCIL.  Xni.  7735;  7738  (under  Caracalla  or  Elagabalus);  7738  a,-  p.  487  (teg.);  also 
7884  (Andemach) ;  p.  488  (HOhr) ;  p.  499  on  n.  7785  (Niederbieber). 

"  D.  Xni  (80  A.  D.)  ;  D.  XVI  (84  A.  D.) ;  D.  XVII  (85  A.  D.). 

IS  D.  XXXVII  (110  A.  D.) ;  Jung,  Doc.  p.  121 ;  Vaschide.  p.  172. 

i«  OIL.  XIII.  7048  (Mainz) ;  8242  (Worms).  is  p.  223. 

"XI.. 1387.  "C/«*.3. 

W  CIL.  X.  4873;  Ann.  Ep.  1904,  24;  with  less  certainty,  CIL.  III.  3582;  11906. 

i»  So  Cichoriua  (PW.  IV.  350)  infers  from  the  name  of  the  soldier  for  whom  D.  LXVl  was 
issued. 

»  D.  LXVI ;  CIL.  III.  1343;  perhaps  also  III.  8074. 25  (teg.),  cf.  8075. 1  6»  c  (teg.).  Jung, 
Doc.  p.  122;  Vaschide,  p.  173. 


ADMINISTBATION   OP   NOBIOUM    AND    BABTIA 


225 


Cohors  II  Vi{ndelicorum)  was  perhaps  located  at  Camuntnm 
in  Pannonia  superior.' 

[Cohors  III  Vindelicorum]  :  no  inscriptions  are  preserved. 

Cohors  nil  Vindelicorum  garrisoned  Grosskrotzenburg*  in 
Germania*  superior*  and  there  manufactured  bricks  for  use  along 
the  whole  German  limes.* 

LOCAL  MILITIA  FROM  RAETIA. 
In  the  early  empire  the  Raetic  militia  remained  in  the  prov- 
ince;* after  the  arrival  of  the  legion  it  could  be  spared  for  service 
abroad.^  So  during  the  second  and  third  centuries  a  vexillatio 
Raetorum  gaesatorum  was  stationed  in  the  north  of  Britain'  under 
the  command  of  a  trib(unus)  coh(ortis)  I  Vang(ionum),'  and  a 
[n(umerus)]  g(a)esatoru[m]  garrisoned  Atuatuca  in  Belgic 
Gaul.'" 

In  the  period  following  Diocletian,  Raeti  formed  a  part  of  the 
guard  of  the  comes  lUyrici,"  and  Raetobarii  (?)  attended  the 
magister  equitum  praesentalis  of  the  East." 

1 IIL  15204  ft. 

«XIII.  7410;  7411  (191  or  211  A.  D.) ;  7415;  7418;  7419;  p.  443  (teg.). 

»D.  XI(74a.  D.). 

«  D.  XXI  (90  A.  D.) ;  [D.  XL]  (118  A.  D.) ;  D.  L  (134  A.  D.) ;  CIL.  XIH.  7331  (Heddernheim). 

STegulae  have  been  found  at  the  following  points:  Alteburg  bei  WaildOrn,  Milten- 
berg,  Oberoburg,  Niedernberg,  Stockstadt,  Wiesbaden,  Mainz,  Frio dberg,  Echzell,  Arnsburg, 
Langeohain,  Saalburg  (OIL.  XIII,  pp.  264,  279,  281,  286  f.,  289,  469,  302,  440,  445-447,  449),  Feld' 
berg  (ORL.  Abt.  B,  no.  10,  p.  54) ;  am  Maisel,  Altoburg-Heftrich  (CIL.  XIII,  p.  455),  Hols- 
hansen  (ORL.  Abt.  B,  no.  8,  p.  42),  Arzbach,  Niederberg,  Heddesdorf,  Niederbieber  (CIL. 
XIII,  pp.  498-499) ;  Neuenheim  near  Heidelberg  (CIL.  XIII,  p.  224).  The  bricks  in  Baetia 
(CIL.  III.  381*,  Salzbrunn  near  Cambodunum)  were  brought  from  Frankfurt. 

•P.  219. 

'If  VIII.  2728  has  been  correctly  interpreted,  (Raeti)  gaesates  were  employed  at  Saldae 
in  Mauretania  Caesariensis  even  under  Pius  (147/152  A.  D.). 

«VII.  731  (Aesica,  182/189  a.  d.);  987;  988;  1002  (211/217  A.  D.)  (Habitancium) ;  EE.  VII, 
n.  1092  (Jedburgh  near  Edinburgh).    See  also  p.  223. 

•  P  W.  IV.  348  f.  lOC/L.  Xin.  3593. 

i»  Not.  Dign.  Occ.  ▼.  43  =  191  =  rii.  44.  i»  Not.  Dign.  Or.  y.  17  =  58. 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES 


Tk«  MIowlBc  lilt  oontelxu  rafcranoM  to  the  mora  important  inMriptiont  sad  pmmsm  from  uieiMit  Mttiora  which 
h»T«  bMn  citMl  or  uMd  in  this  articl*.  !>»««■  on  whicli  *  rMdinf,  <Uto,  or  intwprat^on  hM  bMB  dtoeiuMd  or  •  nnrrantinn 
Mtad  mn  IndiattMl  bj  bold-CMwl  typo.  »«»« 

I.     LITBBAST  BOUSCB8. 


Aaral.  Yict.  d«  Caes.  82  f.  -    •  169,  n.  17;  192 

Difie$t.  xlyiii.  18. 10,  pr.    -    -  174 

Dio,lxxyi.9.  2f. 179 

Eutrop.  ix.  7 19S 

Not.  Digit.  Occ.  xxxiy.  40f.  -  204 
XXXV.  14  ff.  -  219 

Ptol.  ii.  IS.  2  165,  n.  9 

Script.  Aurelian.  IS.  1  -  -  -  192 
Bono:  U2  -  -  •  ■  193 
Prot.  5 187.  n.  6 


Suet.  rt6. 18 165,11.9 

Tac.  Ann.  ii.  6S 165,  n.  9 

Hi»t.  i.  11 165,  n.  3 

i.«8-    -    -    .    .    -219 

i.70 171 

iii.5 171 

iv.70 171;  215,  n.  19 

VeU.  ii.  39.  S;  109. 5  ■  .   .   •  165,  n.  9 
ZoB.  i.  40 193 


n.    bfiosaphicaij  bourcbs. 


CIL.       n.  4114 
in.  875 
993 
1017 
S270 
3521 
4089; 
4797; 

4803  ..  • 

4820  •  •  • 

4828  •.  • 

48S2  •  •  • 

4861  ••  • 

5117;  5122  - 

6154  ■.  . 

5161  ••  . 

6162  ■.  . 

5163  .•  • 

5166  ••  . 

6171  -  .  . 

5179  •.  . 

5181  f.  •  ■ 

5187  -    -  - 

5188  -  ■  . 
5209  ••  . 
5211  -  .  • 
5216  -  . 
5817  •  -  . 
5326  -  •  • 
5328  -  -  • 
5687  -  .  - 
5565  ••  ■ 
5577  -  -  . 
5592  ••  • 
6696  •  • 
6712  -  - 
6727  -    -  - 


4666;  4796 
4800  •    • 


178 
-  196,  n.  3 

191  f. 

191 

199,  n.  7 

198,  n.  3 

181 

165,  n.9 

204 

197,  n.  16 

165,  n.  9 
■  212,  n.  8 

900,  n.  9 

170,  n.  4 

201, n.  S 

178 

174 

172 

174 

17S 

171 

174 

197,11.11 

aOO,  n.  13 

181 

186 

179,11.5 

176 

in 

174 

179 

180 

911,11.4 

908,11.19 

170,  a.  5 

179 

190 


CIL.  III.  5775-5777 
5785;  5788 
5793  -  - 
5810;  5862 
6874  ■  • 
5876  -  . 
5937  -  . 
5942  •  > 
5953  -  . 
5976  -  - 
11543  •  . 
11551  •    - 


176 

198 

187 

198 

190 

206, n.  7 

908,11.4 

206,  D.  2 

208 

909,  nn.  7, 9 

165,  B.  9;  177 

171 


11743 179 


174 

170,  B.  5 
181,  n.  8 
817,  B.  4 
189 

176,  B.  8 
817,  B.  15 
189 
192 

906,  B.  10 
1761 


11826  .... 

11827  .... 
11856  .... 
11918  .... 
11933  .... 
11947  .... 
11960-  -  .  . 
11965  .... 
11999  .... 
12006  .... 
14862  .... 

148702     189 

14870ta 194 

1437018 222,  n.  15 

15206 178 

152061 180 

P.2489 818,B.14 

D.  XXXV  ....  186 

Lxrv  -  •  .  -  178 

LXXIII    ...  187 

XCVni    .    -    -  172 

T.  46,  p.  1106  .    .   .    .808,B.8 

1838f. 170 

»38 187 


827 


228 


STUDIES   IN   OLASSIOAL   PHILOLOGY 


::i 


CIL. 


Y.  4980 
7425 
VI.  13T7 
142B 
1450 
1546 
1590 
1688 
3688 
S1871 
YUI.2482 
2815 
2728 
2852 
7062; 
9363 

12442 
IX.  2213 
259S 


7064 


179 

GIL.     IX.  3044    -    -    . 

■    -    -  185 

216,  n.  8 

4758    ..    . 

.    .    -  165,  n.  9;  171 

196 

4B64    -    .    . 

-177 

187,  n.  6 

5357    ..    - 

-   -      918,0.6 

207,  D.  9 

X.3848    •    .    . 

•    .   .  176 

166,11.9; 

177 

5306    ••    . 

■    .    .  191 

165,0.9; 

17S 

XI.  3101    .... 

■    .    .224,n.l 

190,  a.  11 

6221     .... 

.    -  186 

SIS,  A.  7 

6337     ...    . 

•   •  SIS,  o.  6 

211, n.  6 

XII.  1857     .... 

.   .   .  178 

196,  a. 3 

Xin.1041    .... 

-    .    .  219,  D.  8 

180 

6806    ...    . 

-    .    .  188 

225,  n.  7 

196,  n.  3 

Ann.  Ep.  1890,  nn.  135f.   . 

.   .188 

190 

/OS.  1.678 

-    -  199,  n.  7 

166,11.9; 

960:  971    ...    ■ 

.   .  188 

167,11.10; 

176 

III.  56 

-   -S18,o.6 

178 

180 

Jahreah.  d.  Oat.-arch.  Inat 

.VII, 

196,  n.  6; 

Beibl.  23ff.     .... 

•   -  186 

201,  n.  5 

NotiM.  d.  Sccmt,  1885,  p.  175  •    •  187 

INDEX 


Sm  Alto  th«  llati  of  s«T«rBora,  pp.  lO-M,  IM,  1«.  and  of  m«aib«ra  &t  lag.  II  I««I.  and  1«r.  in  Itel.,  pp.  1W-W4, 
MT-SIO. 


AdlectQs  annonae,  200 

Alae,  212,  215f .,  222f. 

C  Antoniu*  Rvftu,  170,  n.  4 

Aquiliferi,  209 

Archaistic  inscription,  187 

jr.  AhMiu*  Victoriniu,  185,  n.  1 

if.  Aurelitu  Probua,  187,  n.  6 

Auxiliaries,  211-225 

Beneficiarii,  166f.,  182f.,  201  f.,  208 
Bnri,207 

Caecina,  215,  n.  19 

C.  Caerellius  Sabinus,  188,  n.  1 

Centuriones.  200,  208,  217 

M.  ClaudiuM  Franto,  196 

M.  ClaudiuB  PaterniUy  177 

Cohortes,  213f .,  216-219,  222-225 

Ck>lioquial  osa^  in  oflteial  titles,  165,  n.  9; 

168-170;  179,  n.  5;  200,  n.  11 
Comicinee,  202 
Gornicnlarii,  200 
Cnstodes  armorum,  202,  210 

Dacia,  191  f. 

Daci,  199 

Dilectator,  196 

L.  Domitiua  Ahenobarbtu,  185,  n.  1 

Duces,  169f.,  178, 180f.,  184, 192f.,  196, 190,  207 

Dnplarii,  202,  210 

Emperors  (cf.  pp.  182ff.,  194f.): 

Augustus,  222 

Tiberius,  221  f. 

Vitellius,  215 

Hadrian,  211  f.,  215 

M.  Aurelius,  196 f.,  206,  211 

Septimins  SeTeros,  178, 180, 197,  206 

Alexander  Seyems,  169 

Qordian,  197 

QaUienus,  196,  206 

Valerian,  192, 196,  211 

Diocletian,  169;  170,  n.2 
Enlistment,  age  of,  196,  d.  6 
Eqaites(leg.),  210 
Exacti,  200 
Exportation  of  bricks,  199 ;  206 ;  206,  n.  10 ;  225 

Fleet,  221 

Fromentarii,  200,  n.  9;  202;  200 


Oaesati,  225 

M.  Qavitu  Maximus,  174 

Ooths,  199 

P.  Helviu$  Pertinax,  185,  n.  1 ;  197,  n.  1 

Icudiut,  187,  n.  6 

Imaginiferi,  200 

Immunes,  202,  210 

IuHu$  Brigantictit,  171 ;  215,  n.  19 

las  gladi,  166;  185,  n.  5 

Legati,  168,  177-180,  183f.,  187-192,  194f. ;  200, 

n.  11 
Legionary  titles,  renewal  of,  196;  206,  n.  5 
Legiones  (cf.  p.  205,  n.  3) : 

I  adi.,  197,  n.  1 

I  Germ.,  211 

I  Nor.,  204f.,  221 

II  adi.,  196,  n.  S 
II  Ital. : 

history,  196-199.  205  f.,  221 

members,  168, 177-181, 183f.,  199-204,  212 

II  Traiana,  196 

III  Aug.,  192,  n,  5;  196,  n.  3;  200;  211 
IIIGaU.  (felix),187,n.6 

III  Ital.,  165,  215,  225 

history,  196,  n.  4;  206-207;  220f. 
members,  168;  187-196;  200,  n.  2;  207-210; 
217 

IV  Flavia,  188 
rv  Maced.,  211 

V  Maced.,  198,  n.  8 
VIII  Aug.,  211 

X  gem.,  181,  n.  3 

XI  CI.,  211,  n.  3 

XIII  gem.,  174,  n.  5;  191 

XX  V  v.,  211 
Librarii,  200,  n.  11;  201;  209 
Local  militia,  214,  219,  223, 225 

Medici,  202,  210 

MUites  legionarii,  196,  n.  6;  208  f.;  210 

Noricum : 
army,  196-205,  211-214,  221-228 
government,  165-184 
name,  165,  n.  9;  178,  n.  3 
relation  to  Pannonia,  169;  178,  n.  8;  180f. ; 

184, 198f.,  204f.,  221 
relation  to  Raetia,  161f. ;  173,  n.  7;  192,  n. 


229 


230 


STUDIES   IN   CLASSICAL   PHILOLOQT 


Sex.  Oppitu  Prisctu,  185  n.  1 
Optiones,  202.  209 
Ordinarii,  200 

PotleniuM  Atupex,  179,  n.  t 
Polliones.  210 
Praefecti  classis,  221 

legionis,  199,  204,  206f. 

provinciae,  165f.;  168,  n.  1;  185;  194 
Praesides,  169f. ;  179,  n.  5;  181, 184, 193-196 
Primipilares,  200 
Primipili  II,  168;  170,  n.  5 
Principales,  200-202,  208-210 
Procuratoros,  165-168,  170-177,  182  f.,  185-187. 
194 

Pro  legato,  165, 187 
Protectores,  200,  n.  5 

Quinquefasoales,  165,  n.  9;  168, 177, 188 


Raetia: 

army.  20{^-211, 214-225 

ROTemmont  (cf.  Norionm),  165-170, 185-19B 
M.  Rotcitia  Murena^  188 

Sigmiferi,  202,  209 
Speculatores,  204 
Stratorea,  200,  d.  11 ;  201 

Tesserarii,  202 
Tribuni  leg.,  199,  207 
Tabiciaes,  210 

Ulpitu  VcOeriua,  204 

Vallis  Poenina,  165, 185, 187 

Veteran!  leg.,  201,  n.  9;  208,  n.  14;  204;  209, 

n.  13;  210f. 
Vlndelicia,  165, 177, 185-187,  221  f.,  224f. 


,if' 


I 


